GENERAL SUBJECTS
(Common to All branches)

Paper —I (The Man in Health)
The subjects included here are part of the BHMS Syllabus and the student has already been examined in them. However, the focus here is on the clinical and applied aspects; the integration within the individual subjects and the integration across the subjects as evidenced below. Effort will be made to keep attention of the student on these and the student will not be needed to appear for the original subjects again.

I. ANATOMY-Applied and clinical aspects
The understanding of Materia Medica and the scientific understanding of limits, limitations and extension of the reach of Homoeopathic medication would depend upon a sound knowledge of the structural organization of the human system. When to treat and when not to treat would need this knowledge to base sensible clinical decisions.
The anatomy of each part will be discussed on the following headings:
a. Basic anatomy in brief
b. Radiographic Anatomy
c. Surface Anatomy
d. Clinical applications
e. Anatomical-clinical problems
References:
1.Snell Richard S.: Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Little Brown and Co.
2.Last R. J.: Applied Anatomy
3.Mc gregror: Synopsis of Surgical Anatomy

II. PHYSIOLOGY-Applied and clinical
The practice of Homoeopathic medicine is closely allied to the correct appreciation of the physiological and biochemical processes in the body. A good foundation of these disciplines will assist the post-graduate to base his understanding of clinical phenomena and the management on the functional organization of the system.
I. The internal environment-Cell and body fluids, Membrane transport, Blood and blood coagulation, Body water, RBC and anemia, WBC spleen with immunity and inflammation.
II. Heart and circulation -General considerations, Vascular systems Systemic/Pulmonary/capillary/venous/lymphatic, Cardio-vascular innervations with electrocardiography, cardiac cycle and its control, Special circulations-cardiac, cerebral, pulmonary, splanchnic, cutaneous, muscle, shock, BP and ischemia.
III. Respiration - Mechanism of breathing, Neural, chemical and reflex control, Dyspnoea, Anoxia, Hypoxia and Cyanosis, Artificial respiration and respirators.
IV. Kidney and Regulation of Body Fluid -Function of the kidney, Renal Blood Flow with ischaemia and injury, Renin-angiotensin mechanisms, ADH, Physiology of micturition with control and disorders, Regulation of balance and composition of body fluids, Na excess and deficiency, water deprivation, kidney function in disease, Body fluid derangements in alimentary disorders.
V. Muscle and Nervous System -Structure and Function of muscles, Neuro muscular transmission and blocks at various levels-pre-synaptic, synaptic and post-synaptic and myasthenia gravis.
Structure and function of nervous tissue, synapse and receptors, degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerves, muscle tone, Postural reflexes and the control of balance with the disorders. Functions of various systems and areas of cortex, the brain and spinal cord with clinical understanding of the effects of abrasion and injuries
Speech, Sleep, Regulation of Body temperature ,CSF circulation, the composition and the blood-brain barrier.
I. Special senses: Special emphasis on the mechanism of pain and itching and its regulation through the Central system
II. Autonomic Nervous System: Central and endocrine control, adrenal medulla-function and regulation.
Ill. Digestion: Innervations of the gastric system and the motility disorders, Secretion of the gastric tracts, their control and the disorders, Liver blood flow and anoxia, Liver functions and hepatic failure.
IV. Endocrine: Hormone and the properties, Neural control of the endocrine secretion, receptors and their properties, interrelationship of the different endocrine organs and their functions.
V. Reproduction: Sex determination and differentiation, abnormalities of sex development, Control of functioning of the gonadal hormones- their disorders, physiology of coitus, Maternal Physiology, Physiology of the fetus and of the newborn.
References:1. Samson Wright’s Applied Physiology: Keele, Neil, Joels 13th edition Oxford Med Publishers
                  2. Best and Taylor: Medical Physiology

III. BIOCHEMISTRY  AND BIOPHYSICS
BIOCHEMISTRY
a. Metabolism-Anabolism and Catabolism- Energy liberation and transfer, biological oxidation, Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein metabolism with integration of the different metabolic processes, metabolism in starvation
b. Nutrition-Energy requirements, constituents of normal diet, nutritional requirements of special groups
c. Acid-base balance
d. Blood and its constituents
e. Urine
BIOPHYSICS
a. Cell Membrane transport
b. Plasma protein and the transport
c. Vascular system-flow and dynamics
d. Properties of muscular contraction-general and cardiac, motor unit properties
e. Work of breathing and lung volumes, respiratory quotient
f. Blood gas measurements, Oxygen carriage and dissociation curve
g. Basal metabolic rate
h. Mechanisms of urinary concentration
i. Nerve properties and biophysics of conduction
References:1. Orten and Neuhas: Biochemistry
                  2. Talwar: Clinical Biochemistry

IV. PSYCHOLOGY-APPLIED
a. Basic Psychology of Human beings
b. Introduction and Definition of Psychology
c. Branches of Psychology
    Attention, Perception, Intelligence, Memory, Emotion, Thinking and Personality.
a. Different approaches of psychology Freud, Jung, Adler, Cattel and Homey.
b. Human development-infancy to old age
c. Reflexes, instincts and their control
d. Thinking and decision making and its direction
e. Emotions and their psychobiological basis
f. Emotional Blocks and the dynamics
g. Will and motivation
h. Responses to stress
i. Learning, the disorders and its management
j. Personality and the clinical approach, measurement of personality
k. Social forces and the impact on behavior
References:1.Morgan and King Normal Psychology
                  2.Atkinson: Psychology
                  3.Ruch: Psychology and Life

V. INTEGRATION of Io IV
a. Psycho-bio-social concept of Man
b. Spirituo-psychological concept as enunciated by Hahnemann and Physicians of the Homoeopathic School

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
PAPER I - General Subjects—Man in Health (100 Marks)
Part I- Structural and Functional organization
              3 Questions
Part II- Philosophico-spiritual organization of man
              3 Questions
Viva(100 Marks) - Two tables as above which will concentrate on the clinical aspects alone.

Paper II-(The Man in Disease)
The student has passed the BHMS in these subjects individually but needs to integrate all of these so that he can use this knowledge to enhance his clinical reach, become a better, informed teacher and a scientific research worker. Hence the subjects are dealt with in a slightly different manner emphasizing the integration that is central to the treatment of the diseased individual.

I a. PATHOLOGY (Structural alterations in Disease)
Effort should be made to define the basic principles of Pathology (General Pathology) since a thorough grasp of this is of crucial significance in the understanding of the miasmatic aspect of disease.
a. Concepts of Aetiology and Aetiopathogenesis
b. The influence of heredity
c. Inflammation and Repair
d. Hypersensitivity and the Autoimmune Diseases
e. Ischaemia, Necrosis and Gangrene
f. Degeneration
g. Hyperlipedimia
h. Amyloidosis
i. Calcification
j. Physical agents and Injuries
k. Chemical agents
I. Infections-general principles (The details of this are to be dealt with in the respective sections of Bacteriology, Parasitology and Virology)
m. Radiations
n. Nutritional deficiencies and excess
o. Pigmentation and depigmentation
p. Tumours-benign and malignant
References:
1 Robins: Pathological aspects of Disease
2 Boyd: Pathology
3 Bhende, Deodhar and Kelkar: General Pathology

Ib. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Functional alterations in Disease)
Application of the changes outlined above in all the systemic diseases. This should be done so that the functional alterations are understood and the travel from the functional zone to the structural zone is grasped. It is an essential introduction to clinical medicine and serves as a bridge between the basic sciences and disease.
AU the systems are a focus of attention during this part of the course.
References:  Mcphee etc.: Pathophysiology of Disease

II. BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY
a. General considerations of bacteriology and virology
b. The different pathogenic bacteria would be dealt with emphasizing the close relationship between the structure and function of these organisms. The emphasis would be the pathogenesis and host response, lab diagnosis, Epidemiology and control measures to stop the spread of infections
c. The different strains of viruses would be dealt with in the same manner as above.
References: Duguid etc.: Medical Microbiology

III. PARASITOLOGY
A. General considerations
a. Taxonomy and classification
b. Host-parasite relationship
c. Clinical manifestations
d. Immunological aspects
e. Prevalence and transmission of parasitic infestations
f. Lab diagnosis
B. All the leading parasitic infestations should be dealt with the above detailed methodology
References:  lchhpujani etc: Medical Parasitology

IV. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
a. Behaviour-normal and abnormal — general considerations
b. Causal factors in Psychological disorders-nature v/s nurture controversy
c. Nature of Stress and Stressor-- Methods of Coping and decompensation
d. Patterns of Abnormal behavior - acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders and
common life stresses
e. Genes factors as determinants of physical illnesses-Health attitudes and coping resources, autonomic excess and tissue damage, psychoimmunology, Life style as a maintaining factor, psychological factors in
specific disease processes
f. Substance Disorders-their physical manifestations and special care
g. Sexual dysfunction-as a reflection of disordered relationships
h. Brain disorders and cognitive impairment
References: Cannon etc.: Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life

V. CLINICAL INVESTIGATIONS
The effort here is to learn the correct interpretation of data from the clinical investigations and correlate these in the light of the structural and functional disorganization of the system. The totality of the illness would emerge only after the above can be completed to satisfaction. Thus this aspect would also cover the ordering of the appropriate clinical investigations at an early stage when the functional derangements can be identified before the disease enters the structural state.
A. Non-invasive techniques:
a. Clinical Laboratory
Hematology
Clinical Biochemistry to investigate the functioning of different organ-systems
Bacteriology
Parasitology
Immunology
b. Radio imaging- Radiology
Ultrasounds-USG, 2-D Echo and Doppler
CT scan
MRI
Nuclear isotope scanning
c. Electro-investigation
ECG and Stress testing
EEG
Nerve conduction studies
EMG
d. Nuclear scanning
B. Invasive techniques- Scopies
References: Ravel: Clinical laboratory medicine

VI. MIASMATIC CORRELATIONS AND UNDERSTANDING OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
This is the final effort of integrating the clinical data obtained through clinical means based on a sound understanding of Homoeopathic Philosophy as enunciated by Hahnemann and the other masters who followed him. Special mention must be made of Boger who has made signal contributions to our understanding of the miasmatic conditions in patients coming with advanced pathology. Also the crucial therapeutic decisions that a clinician needs to take depend upon his assessment of the state of the susceptibility evolving over a period of time. The focus is not on the historical review of the miasmatic theory but the clinico-pathological correlations that have made the miasmatic theory applicable at the bedside. Contributions of the fatter-day clinicians are of significance and one would like to study in detail the views of Roberts, Ortega, Kanjilal and Dhawale.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Paper II — General Subjects — Man in Disease (100 Marks)
Part I - Structural, Functional and Psychological Disorganization   3 questions
Part II — Clinical and Miasmatic correlations    3 questions
Viva(100 Marks) - To be clinically based with tables displaying the abnormal investigation reports and correlations asked for.
Paper- III-History of Medicine, Basic concepts of Logic and Philosophy, Scientific Methodology,Including Research Methodology and Statistics

The student should be given adequate information about the history of medicine, its evaluation with special emphasis on Hahnemann’s contribution. The history of medicine should be studied drawing parallel with development of homoeopathy in the last two centuries. The history of Indian medicine should also be studied.

Part — I: History of Medicine, Logic and Philosophy
  A. The Dawn of Medicine: Medicine in prehistoric times, Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
Ancient Greece: Origins of Greek medicine Hippocratic practice,Aristotle
The Heirs Of Greece: The Alexandrian School, Medical teaching in the Roman Empire Galen, The final medical synthesis of antiquity
The Middle Ages: Byzantine medicine, The period of depression in Europe, Arabic medicine, The medieval awakening, The universities, Medieval anatomy, surgery, and internal medicine, Medieval hospitals and hygiene
The Rebirth Of Science: The anatomical awakening. Concepts of disease, the rise of internal medicine, the revival of physiology, Microscopical examination of the animal body,
The Period Of Consolidation: The Reign of Law, The rise of clinical teaching, Anatomy and the Edinburgh School, Physiology, Morbid anatomy becomes a science, Surgery and obstetrics. The beginnings of the science of vital statistics. The industrial Revolution, Communal disease and hygiene, Control and recognition of epidemic diseases Period Of Scientific Subdivision: Origins and implications of scientific specialization, The revolution in preventive medicine, Johannes Muller, The work of Claude Bernard, The work of Kail Ludwig, Later physiological investigators: Respiration, Circulation, The blood, Biochemistry. The Cell Theory, Establishment of the doctrine of the germ origin of disease, Anaesthesia, The revolution in surgery, Bacteriology becomes a science, The study of immunity, The changes view of insanity, The development of modern pathology. The rise of pediatrics, the teeth and their diseases, the history of the pharmacopoeias, Contents of a modem pharmacopoeia, Active principles: alkaloids and glycosides, Pharmacology, the scientific investigation of drug action.
Origin and History of Homoeopathy in the world, contributions of various stalwarts of Homoeopathy.
Origin and development of Homoeopathy in India

  B. Basic concepts of Logic and Philosophy
The students should be well informed about the principles of logic and different methods of logic. How Hahnemann effectively utilized the concepts and methods of logic in the discovery of various principles of Homoeopathy. Emphasis should be given to the teachings of Aristotle, Lord Francis Bacon and J.S. Mill. A deep study of general philosophy is essential for a physician to elucidate the fundamentals of Homoeopathy in its clarity. Study of western philosophy with its beginning and development from the Greece should be the basis. Further development of human thought process through the centuries till the present will help the student to understand and evaluate the position of Homoeopathy in the medical science today and the possible role Homoeopathy can play in the events of future medicine.
General philosophy should be studied by giving emphasis to Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Lord Bacon, Rene Descartes, Hegal etc.
1. Introductory analysis — Subject matter and scope — question for philosophy — The Branches of Philosophy.
2. Philosophy and the Sciences — Logic, metaphysics and theory of causation (Note: Emphasis should be given to Aristotle’s philosophy)
3. Science and Inductive method — Philosophy of man — Empiricism (note: should be taught from the point of view of Francis Bacon and J.S. Mill)
4. The doctrine of Force — The doctrine of monads — life force — (note:
should be dealt in the context of Leibniz and Bergson)
5. Part and whole relation — Organic view — Philosophy of nature and Philosophy of mind — (Note: should be taught on the basis of Aristotle and Hegal)
1. An outline treatment of the following recent trends: Existentialism, Realism and Phenomenology, Pragmatism, Positivism and Analytic Philosophy.
Books for references:  1.History of philosophy — Frank Thilfy s
                                  2. History of philosophy— Masih
                                 3.New Lights — Lectures on Homeopathy and philosophy by Dr. E.S. Rajendran                                 

Part- II: Research Methodology and Statistics
The design of experiments Sampling and observational studies Summarizing data Presenting data
Probability
The Normal distribution
Estimation
Significance tests
Comparing the means of small samples: Regression and correlation
Methods based on rank order: Non-parametric methods, The Mann- Whitney U test, The Wilcoxon matched pairs test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, ñ, Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient, O, Continuity corrections, Parametric or non-parametric methods?

The analysis of cross-tabulations: The chi-squared test for association, Tests for 2 by 2 tables, The chi-squared test for small samples, Fisher’s exact test, Yates’ continuity correction for the 2 by 2 table, The validity of Fisher’s and Yates’ methods, Odds and odds ratios, The chi-squared test for trend, Methods for matched samples
Choosing the statistical method Clinical measurement Mortality statistics and population structure Multi factorial methods Determination of sample size
Research methods: Methodological problems of Clinical research specific to homoeopathy, Study protocol, Selection of research topics, Types of research and their requirements, the Art of scientific research, the anatomy and physiology of Clinical research, Writing and funding a Research proposal. Controlled clinical trials in Homoeopathy.
Books for reference:
1. Basic principles of Medical Research by D.B. Bisht.
2. Statistical methods in Medical investigations: by Brian S Everitt
3. Designing Clinical Research, an Epidemiologic Approach by Stephen B. Hulley et all.
4. An introduction to Medical statistics by Martin Bland.
5. Homoeopathic Medicine Research Group, a report submitted to European Commission.
6. A short History of Medicine by Charles Singer and E. Asthworth Underwood

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
Paper III— General Subjects — History of Medicine, Scientific Methodology including Research Methodology and Statistics (100 Marks).
Part - I History of Medicine, Logic and Philosophy. 3 questions
Part - II Scientific Methodology including Research Methodology and Statistics. 3 questions
Viva(1 00 Marks) - Two tables as above which will concentrate on the applied aspects alone.