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The study
indicated that different homeopathic ingredients and different
potencies have varied effect (deleterious as well as
beneficial), on growth and development of H.puera. Among the
different potencies and formulations of the two homeopathic
medicines tested, Sulphur 10M solution was found to be the most
promising ingredient, which increased the larval weight, pupal
weight, growth index, adult emergence and also ensured high
fecundity rate without any deleterious effect on any growth
parameters. Sulphur 10M solution can be considered as the most
useful ingredient to improve the existing synthetic diet for
producing healthy and high quality Hyblaea puera larvae in
connection with multiplication of the nucleopolyhedrovirus (HpNPV).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Department of Biotechnology,
Govt. of India for financial supports.
REFERENCES
Courtney, S.P. (1981) Coevolution of pierid
butterflies and their cruciferous food plants. III. Anthocaris
cardamines(L.). Survival , Development and Reproduction on
Different Host Plants. Oecologia 51 : 91-96.
Entwistle, P.F. and Evans, H.F. (1985) Viral control. In:
Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology,
Vol.12. G.A.Kerkut and L.I.Gilbert (Eds.). Oxford: Pergamon
Press : 347-412.
Karowe, D.N. (1988) Ecological and evolutionary determinants of
larval host plant range in the sulfur butterflies, Colias
philodice and Colias interior. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Mathew, G., Sudheendrakumar, V.V., Mohanadas, K., and Nair,
K.S.S. (1990) An atificial diet for the teak defoliator, Hyblaea
puera Cramer (Lepidoptera:Hyblaeidae). Entomon, 115 (3&4):
159-163.
Renwick, J.A. and Radke, C.D. (1982) Ovipositional choice and
larval survival of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environ. Ent. 11, pp. 503-505.
Saxena, R.C., Wald bauer, G.P., Liguido, N.J., and Puma, B.C.
(1981) Effect of Neem seed oil on the rice leaf folder
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, In: Natural pesticides from neem tree,
GTZ, Eschborn, F.R.G. : 189-204.
Nair,K.S.S., Kedarnath, S., Mathew P Koshy, Sudheendrakumar,
V.V., Mohanadas,K., Varma, R.V. and George Mathew (1989) Search
for natural resistance to the insect pest, Hyblaea puera in
teak. KFRI Research Report, No. 62, KFRI, Peechi, Kerala. 32pp.
Nair, K.S.S., Varma, R.V., Sudheendrakumar, V.V., K. Mohanadas
and Mohamed Ali, M.I., (1998) Management of the teak defoliator
Hyblaea puera using nuclear polyhedrosis virus. KFRI Research
Report No. 151. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. 64pp.
Table 1. Effect of homoeopathic
ingredients in the artificial diet on biological parameters of
Hyblaea puera
|
Treatment |
Mortality (%) |
Larvalwt.(mg) |
Pupal
wt.(mg) |
Growth index (GI) |
Moth
emergence(%) |
Fecundity/female |
|
Control |
22 ±
3.54abc |
183 ±
3.54g |
196 ±
7.07i |
7.69
± 0.18lm |
68 ±
3.54ij |
192 ±
4.95h |
|
Baptisia 30M “G” |
85 ±
2.12m |
125 ±
3.54b |
108 ±
2.12cd |
2.30
± 0.06cd |
25 ±
4.24b |
0a
|
|
Baptisia 30M “S” |
81 ±
3.54m |
120 ±
2.12b |
104 ±
2.12c |
1.52
± 0.18a |
31 ±
1.41bc |
0a |
|
Placebo “G” |
27 ±
0.71cd |
174 ±
2.12f |
190 ±
5.66hi |
6.73
± 0.27k |
60 ±
4.24gh |
157 ±
4.95g |
|
Ethyl
alcohol |
39 ±
2.12fg |
155 ±
0.71d |
140 ±
2.12f |
3.73
± 0.13g |
44 ±
2.83d |
0a |
|
Sulphur 10M “S” |
17 ±
1.41a |
216 ±
1.41i |
234 ±
2.83l |
8.0 ±
0.011m |
73 ±
3.52j |
252 ±
5.66k |
|
Sulphur
10M “G” |
20 ±
1.41ab |
218 ±
2.83i |
231 ±
2.12kl |
7.67
± 0.04l |
63 ±
0.71hi |
233 ±
7.78j |
|
Sulphur 50 M “S” |
24 ±
2.83bcd |
206 ±
8.49h |
222 ±
5.66j |
6.63
± 0.33k |
53 ±
8.4ef |
230 ±
6.62j |
|
Sulphur
50 M “G” |
29 ±
1.41e |
203 ±
7.07h |
216 ±
9.19jk |
6.01
± 0.26j |
48 ±
5.88de |
226 ±
4.7j |
|
Tub
Koch 10 M “S” |
21 ±
2.83abc |
231 ±
2.83j |
227 ±
4.24kl |
7.87
± 0.01lm |
61 ±
0.71h |
207 ±
7.07i |
|
Tub
Koch 10 M “G” |
22 ±
0.71abc |
216 ±
0.71i |
198 ±
3.54i |
6.92
± 0.05k |
60 ±
0.71fgh |
189 ±
9.9h |
|
Tub
Koch 50M “G” |
26 ±
2.12bcd |
200 ±
2.12h |
184 ±
6.36h |
5.37
± 0.06i |
50 ±
1.24de |
152 ±
5.66fg |
|
Tub
Koch CM “S” |
29 ±
3.54e |
177 ±
3.54fg |
157 ±
4.24g |
5.63
± 0.04i |
54 ±
0.65efg |
141 ±
4.24f |
|
Syphilinium 10M “S” |
35 ±
3.54f |
163 ±
3.54e |
148 ±
3.54f |
4.29
± 0.01h |
47 ±
1.24de |
128 ±
8.49e |
|
Syphilinium 10 M “G” |
42 ±
1.41gh |
149 ±
1.41d |
126 ±
5.66e |
3.32
± 0.09f |
46 ±
0.66de |
109 ±
4.95d |
|
Syphilinium 50M “S” |
47 ±
0.71hi |
137 ±
0.71c |
126 ±
6.36e |
3.99
± 0.05gh |
48 ±
0.66de |
0a |
|
Syphilinium 50 M “G” |
51 ±
3.54i |
127 ±
3.54b |
116 ±
2.83d |
2.01
± 0.13bc |
15 ±
2.45a |
0a |
|
Thuja
10 M “S” |
49 ±
1.41i |
134 ±
1.41c |
108 ±
2.83cd |
3.16
± 0.21f |
33 ±
1.13c |
146 ±
5.66fg |
|
Thuja
10M “S” |
58 ±
2.83j |
125 ±
2.83b |
100 ±
2.83bc |
2.74
± 0.13e |
28 ±
2.45bc |
108 ±
5.66d |
|
Thuja
50 M “S” |
63 ±
1.41k |
120 ±
2.12b |
92 ±
2.83ab |
2.38
± 0.13d |
29 ±
0.71bc |
69 ±
4.95c |
|
Thuja
50 M “S” |
70 ±
2.12l |
111 ±
2.12a |
84 ±
2 83a |
1.80
± 0.08ab |
25 ±
1.41b |
48 ±
10.61b |
In the first
column, “G”= Granule; “S” = Solution
In a column, values followed by same subscript/s are not
significantly different at P=0.05 by DMRT
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