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Complication can be classified in the following way: 
Cardio vascular- Left ventricular hypertrophy. Lead to cardiac failure.
Ischemic heart diseases lead to angina, myocardial infarction and sudden death.
Atherosclerosis of aorta leads to aneurysm and occlusion of coronary, cerebral, 
Renal and peripheral arteries. Arrhythmias supraventricular or ventricular.     
Central nervous system: stroke. And hypertensive encephalitis. 
Kidney: renal failure. 
Retina: Grade one and two retinal changes in the early phase of hypertension.
Grade three in accelerated phase.
                       Grade four – transition to the malignant phase.
[Grade one – arteriolar narrowing/ increase in light reflux
Grade two – marked arteriolar narrowing + arterio venous nicking
Grade three -- grade two + flame shaped hemorrhage and fluffy exudates.
Grade four -- grade three + papilledema] 

Investigation:   
Test
Urine 
Potassium
Creatinine     
Urea

ECG 
X- ray 
Blood –cholesterol 
Blood sugar 
Echo cardiograph 
Renal scan 
Renal arteriography 
Renal vein rennin test 
24 hour urine  
 
Looking for
Proteins, cells and glucose 
Cardiomegaly 
VMA, Cortisol,
Aldosterone, excess protein and salt.

As evidence of
Kidney disorder and  
Diabetes mellitus 
Overactive adrenal gland
Kidney disorder. 
Kidney disorder 
Increased risk of heart diseases
Diabetes mellitus Over active adrenal gland
Kidney problem
High sodium intake. 
  
Prevention:
Dietary changes: Reduce the salt intake (not more than 5 gm / day)
Moderate fat intake
Avoidance of high alcohol intake
Weight reduction:
Exercise: reduction in body weight reduces the blood lipid.
Behavioral changes: Decrease stress
Reduce smoking 
Yoga
Meditation 

Prognosis: 
Hypertension leads to reduction of life span and also considerable morbidity. Death due to cardiac failure. Mortality due to its complications. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary heart disease, and heart or kidney failure. 

Management:  
Therapeutic aim is to lower the blood pressure to normal and maintain it so both day and night. Its management depends on the type, severity, etiology and state of function of target organs. 
General management: weight reduction. Restriction of salt intake. Provision of adequate sleep- 6to 8 hour per day. Avoidance of smoking. Yoga/ exercise (savasana). Meditation. 

Homoeopathic medicine: 
Crataegus—produces giddiness, lowered pulse, and air hunger and reduction in blood pressure. Acts on muscles of heart and is a heart tonic. No influence on the endocardium. Is a sedative in cross, irritable patient with cardiac symptoms. Arteriosclerosis. Said to have a solvent power up on crustaceous and calcareous deposits in arteries. Heart muscle seems flabby, worn out. Heart dilated. First sound weak.
Lachesis – head ache on awaking. Vertigo on closing eyes. Palpitation with fainting spells, especially during climacteric. Constricted feeling causing palpitation, with anxiety. Irregular heart beats. 
Nat mur -- prolonged taking of excessive salt causes profound changes to take places in the system. Head ache as if a thousand little hammers were knocking on the brain, in the morning on awakening. Tachycardia. Heart and chest feels constricted. Fluttering. Hearts pulsation shakes the whole body.
Veratrum alb -- Palpitation with anxiety and rapid audible respiration. Pulse irregular, feeble. Intermittent action of heart in feeble person with some hepatic problems. One of the best heart stimulants in Homoeopathic doses.
Adrenalin -- the main action of adrenalin is stimulation of the sympathetic system, ausing constriction of the peripheral arterioles, with resulting rise in blood pressure. 
Allium sativum -- has vaso dilatory properties. Arterial hypotension begins usually in 30 to45 minutes after twenty-drop doses of the tincture. 
Aur met -- High blood pressure- valvular lesion of arteriosclerotic nature. Sensation as if the heart stopped beating for two or three seconds, immediately followed by a tumultuous rebound with sinking at epigastrium. Palpitation. Hypertrophy. Pulse rapid, feeble irregular. 
Baryta carb-- Palpitation and distress in the region of heart. Accelerates the heart’s action first, blood pressure much increased, contraction of blood vessels. Palpitation when lying on left side, when thinking of it especially; pulse full and hard. 
Calc carb – Palpitation at night after eating. Palpitation with feeling of coldness, with restless obstruction of chest.
Glonoine -- Surging of blood in to heart and brain. Congestive head ache. Sensation of pulsation throughout the body. Vertigo on assuming upright position. Head feels enormously large, as if skull were too small for brain. Laborious action of the heart. Fluttering. Palpitation with dyspnoea. Cannot go uphill. Any exertion brings on rush of blood to heart and fainting spells. Throbbing in the whole body to finger tips 
Graphitis -- suited persons of stout, of fair complexion with tendency to skin affections and constipation, fat chilly and costive with delayed menstrual history. Rush of blood to head with flushed face also with nosebleed. Head ache in morning on waking, mostly on one side with tendency to vomit.
Nux vom -- Hypertension incident to modern life. Suited to thin, spare, quick, active, nervous and irritable. Has mental strain and lead sedentary life, found in prolonged office work, overstudies, and close applications to business, with its cares and anxieties. This indoor life and mental strain seeks stimulants, coffee, and wine in excess. Head ache in occiput or over eyes, with vertigo.
Plumbum met-- Hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Cardiac weakness. Pulse soft and small, dichrotic. Wiry pulse, cramp like constriction of peripheral arteries. 
Rauwolfia – high blood pressure with out marked atheromatous changes in the vessels 
Secale cor -- Pressive and congestive pain rise from back of head with pale face. Palpitation with contracted and intermittent pulse. Insomnia with restlessness. 
Strontium carb – high blood pressure with flushed face and pulsating arteries; threatened apoplexy. Vertigo with headache and nausea. Ache from nape of neck, spreading upwards. 
Sulphur – when carefully selected fails to act, especially in acute cases, it frequently arouses the reactive powers of the organism. Complaints that relapse. Often-great use in beginning of chronic cases and in finishing acute cases. Heaviness, fullness and pressure in temples. Beating headache; worse stooping and with vertigo. Sick headache recurring periodically. Flushes of heat in chest rising to head. Oppression as of a load on chest. Pulse more rapid in morning than in evening. 
Aconite  -- Tension of arteries. Its sphere is in the beginning of an acute disease and not to be continued after pathological change comes. Head – fullness, heavy, pulsating, hot, bursting, burning, undulating sensation. Burning headache as if boiling water moved brain. Vertigo on rising. Pulse full hard, tense and bounding. Temporal and carotid arteries felt when sitting. 
Adonis --- heart medicine, after rheumatism or influenza where the muscles of heart are in stage of fatty degeneration, regulating the pulse and increasing the power of contractions of heart with increased urinary secretions. Irregular cardiac action, contraction and vertigo. Pulse rapid and irregular. Head feel light, aches across front, from occiput around temples to eyes. Vertigo on rising, turning head quickly or lying down. Tinnitus. 
Amyl nitrosum --- On inhaling this drug, it rapidly dilates all arterioles and capillaries, producing flushing of face, heat and throbbing in the head. Palpitation. Surging of the blood to head and face. It is useful in all conditions where the blood vessels are spasmodically contracted. 
Argentu nitricum --- Hypertension, especially when associated with unusual or long continued mental exertion. Vertigo, with buzzing in ears and with nervous affections. Aching pain frontal eminence, with enlarged feeling in corresponding eye. Better by tight bandaging and pressure. Palpitation, irregular and intermittent.
Ars alb --- Great exhaustion after the slightest exertion. Head relieved by cold. Burning pain with restlessness. Palpitation. Pulse more rapid in morning. Hypertension due to renal affections.
Ars iod --- Vertigo with tremulous feeling, especially in aged. Hypertension of old people.
Aur mur --- High blood pressure due to disturbed function of nervous mechanism. Arteriosclerosis.  
Baryta mur -- Arteriosclerosis; where a high systolic pressure with a comparatively low diastolic tension is attended by cerebral and cardiac symptoms. 
Causticum --- hypertension from long lasting grief or sudden emotions. Sensation of empty space between forehead and brain. 
Conium mac --- Vertigo when lying down, and when turning over in bed, when turning head sidewise or turning eyes. Worse shaking head, slight noise or conversations of others, especially towards the left. Headache with nausea and vomiting. Dull occipital pain on rising in morning. 
Cuprum  --- giddiness accompanies many ailments. Pulse hard, full an quick. Palpitation, praecordial pain. 
Digitalis --- Comes into play in all diseases where the heart is primarily involved, where the pulse is weak, irregular, intermittent, abnormally slow and dropsy of external and internal parts. Its greatest indications in failure of compensation and especially when auricular fibrillation has set in. vertigo when walking and on rising, in cardiac affections. Heaviness of head with sensation as if it would fall backwards. Pulse weak and quickenened by least movement. Hypertrophy with dilatation 
Ignatia   --- Effects of grief and worry. Headache as if a nail were driven out through the side. It is especially adapted to the nervous temperament—woman of sensitive, easily excited nature, dark, mild disposition, quick to perceive and rapid in execution. 
Iodum --- Iodum individual is exceedingly thin, dark complexioned, with enlarged lymphatic glands, has voracious appetite but gets thin. 
Kali carb -- Hypertension of fleshy aged person with dropsical and paretic tendencies. Vertigo on turning head. Occipital or one-sided headache with nausea, on riding in carriage. Palpitation with burning in heart region.
Lycopodium  -- Renal hypertension. Best adapted to person intellectually keen, but of weak, muscular power. Thin withered, full of gas and dry. Pressing headache on vertex worse from 4 to 8 pm. Vertigo in morning on rising. Palpitation at night. 
Naja -- Pain in left temple and in left orbital region, extending to occiput, with nausea and vomiting. Dragging and anxiety in praecordia. Feeling of weight on heart. With the heart symptoms pain in forehead and temples. Pulse irregular in force. Palpitation. 
Phosphoric acid -- suited to hypertension of young people who grow rapidly, and who are overtaxed, mentally or physically. Vertigo towards evening, when standing or walking. Effects of grief and mental shock.
Phosphorus -- Ill effects of excessive use of salt. Tall slender persons, with narrow chest, thin transparent skin, weakened by loss of animal fluids, with great nervous debility, emaciation and amative tendencies. Vertigo of the aged after rising. Vertigo with faintness. Violent palpitation with anxiety when lying on left side. Heart dilated especially right. 
Pulsatilla --- vertigo better in open air. Head ache from overwork.
Radium bromide --- lowered blood pressure. Vertigo with pain in back of head, left when in bed. Occipital and vertex pain. Head feels heavy. Frontal headache. Hypertension secondary to renal affections.
Rhus tox --- vertigo when rising. Heaviness of head. Headache in occipit, painful to touch. Trembling and palpitation when sitting. 
Sanguinaria --- Periodical sick headache. Pain begins in occiput, spreads upwards, and settles over eyes, especially right.  
Sepia  -- Pulsating headache in cerebellum. Vertigo with sensation of something rolling round in head. Prodromal symptoms of apoplexy. Beating in all arteries. Tremulous feeling with flushes. 
Silicea --- Vertigo from looking up. Better wrapping up warmly, when lying on left side. Pain begins at occiput, and spreads overhead and settles over eyes. 
Strophanthus -- Acts on the heart and increasing the systole and diminishes the rapidity. May be used with advantage to tone the heart. And run off dropsical accumulation. In small doses for weak heart; it feels enlarged. Arteriosclerosis; rigid arteries of aged. 
Thuja -- Left sided head ache. Prominent action over the kidney and thus effective in renal hypertension.
Tabacum -- The nausea, giddiness, death-like pallor, vomiting, icy coldness, and sweat with the intermittent pulse are almost characteristic. Should prove the most Homoeopathic drug for angina pectoris, with coronaritis and high tension. Vertigo on opening eyes. Sick head ache with deathly nausea. Tight feeling as from a band. Sudden pain as if struck by a hammer. Palpitation when lying on left side.  
Vanadium  -- Arteriosclerosis; sensation as if heart was compressed, as if blood had no room in the aorta. Anxious pressure on whole chest. 
Veratrum vird – Induces fall of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Especially adapted to full blooded, plethoric persons. Great prostrations. Head – congestion intense, almost apoplectic. Hot head, bloodshot eyes. Beating pulse throughout body. 
Viscum album -- lowered blood pressure. Dilated blood vessels but doesn’t act on the centers in the medulla. Hypertrophy of heart with valvular insufficiency. Pulse small and weak; unable to rest in a reclining position. Palpitation during coition. Weight and oppression of heart; as if a hand were squeezing it. Tickling sensation about the heart. 

References : 
Textbook of medicine – K. V. Krishna Das,
Harrison’s principles of medicines
Davidson’s principles and practice of medicines
Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicines
Pocket manual of material medica – William Boericke 

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