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BIOCHEMSITRY
Cell
1.
Human body is composed of about 60% water, 15% proteins, 15%
lipids, 2% carbohydrates & 8% minerals.
2.
Nucleus:
DNA replication & transcription. Site of chromosomes.
3.
Ribosome:
site for protein synthesis.
4.
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Biosynthesis of proteins, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, drug
metabolism (detoxification). Synthesis of cholesterol.
5.
Golgi body:
Maturation of synthesized proteins.
6.
Lysosome:
Degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids & nucleotides.
Lysosomes are the ‘suicide bags’, which contain many hydrolyzing
enzymes.
7.
Mitochondria:
ETC, TCA cycle, Beta oxidation of fatty acids, ketone body
production, ATP generation etc...
8.
Mitochondria, the ‘Power house’ of the cell has
its own DNA, can synthesis its own proteins. It is some time
referred to as mini cell.
9.
Peroxisome:
degradation of fatty acid & amino acid; production & degradation
of H2O2.
10.
All cells in the body contain nucleus except mature
erythrocytes.
11.
Transport mechanisms
·
Active – requires energy; (40% of total energy)
i.
Sodium, calcium pump;
ii.
Uniport: carrying single solute.
iii.
Symport: transporter carries 2 molecules in 1 direction.
iv.
Aniport system: carrying 2 solutes in opposite direction.
·
Passive
i.
Simple – occurs from higher 2 lower conc.:
ii.
Facilitated - carrier mediated(glucose); ion channels(Na+,
k+, cl-); ligand gated channels, voltage
gated channels(nerve)
Amino acid
·
Proteins are made by polymerization of amino acid through
peptide bonds.
·
Skeleton of peptide bond: N-C-C-N-C
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