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1.
What is the originality and specialty of Homoeopathic pharmacy?
Theory of Dynamization, Drug Proving, single remedy, Purity and
Totality of the drug source, Simple to dispense and easy to
administer, Long shelf life, cost effective.
2.
What are the types of pharmacy?
Official pharmacy - Preparation of drugs according to the
processes that are prescribed in an official pharmacopoeia and
are done in a pharmaceutical set-up.
Extemporaneous pharmacy – preparing and dispensing medicines
according to the directions of a physician and is done at the
dispensary level.
Galenical pharmacy – relate to preparation of crude drugs.
(Following the concepts of Galen).
Institutional (Hospital) Pharmacy – Practice of pharmacy in
hospitals, health maintenance organization and nursing homes.
Operative pharmacy – relates to the various aspects of
standardization, manufacturing, retail and also includes
administrative and hospital pharmacy.
3.
Father of Pharmacopoeia
- Valerius Cordus (1515 – 1544).
4.
Father of Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia
– Dr Caspari (Leipzig, Germany, Dispensatory of Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeia in 1825).
5.
Pharmacopoia –
It is the supreme authoritative book, published by an authority,
government of any country that deals with the rules and
regulations of standardization of drug substances. It contains
directions for collection of drug substances from different
sources, their preparation, preservation and standards that
determine their strength and purity. A pharmacopoeia published
by an authority is termed as 'official' and one that is
published by any person, other than an authority is
'unofficial'.
6.
Source of Homoeopathic pharmacy –
In 1805, Hahnemann published the results of his
observations of fifteen years in his ‘Fragmenta de Viribus
Medicamentorum Positivis sive in sano corpore humano
observatatis’. Between the years 1811 and 1832 were published
his ''Materia Medica Pura'' and ''Chronic Diseases''.
7.
History of Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia –
1825: Dr. Caspari (Leipzig, Germany) published Dispensatory of
Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia.
1870: British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia by British Homoeopathic
Society, London.
1872: Schwabe – Pharmacopoeia Homoeopathica Polyglottica.
1897 : Otis Clap & Son Inc. Agent, Boston, U.S.A. published
Pharmacopoeia of American Institute of Homoeopathy
1898 – Pharmacopée Homoeopathique Française
1901: 2nd edition of Pharmacopoeia of American Institute of
Homoeopathy, but title changed to "Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of
the United States".
In India, M. Bhattacharya and Co. published ‘Pharmaceutists
Manual' in 1892.
A revised and enlarged twelfth edition was published in July
1962 as "M. Bhattacharya and Co.'s Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeia".
This is not officially recognized by the Government of India.
Homoeopathic pharmacopoeia of India –
HPI is included in the Second Schedule of Drugs and Cosmetics
Act 1940.
The proposal to set up a Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee
was initiated by the Homoeopathic Advisory Committee in the year
1956.
The Government of India constituted the Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeia Committee in September 1962.
Dr.B.K. Sarkar was the first chairman of Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeia Committee.
Various volume of HPI –
Vol – 1 1971 – 180 drugs
Vol – 2 1974 - 100 drugs
Vol – 3 1978 – 105 drugs
Vol – 4 1984 - 107 drugs
Vol – 5 1986 - 114 drugs
Vol – 6 1990 - 104 drugs
Vol – 7 1999 - 105 drugs
Vol -8 2000 - 101 drugs
Total number of monographs in HPI - 916
Monographs -
The general plan of pharmacopoeias is to lay down the direction
for the selection and preparation of drugs that are thoroughly
adapted to the purpose of homoeopathic prescribing. These
directions and specifications for each drug are called
'monographs'.
8.
Sources of Homoeopathic drugs –
Vegetable Kingdom (Plant Kingdom)
WHOLE PLANT
Without roots - Alfalfa, Lobelia inflata, Ocimum sanctum,
Ranunculus sceleratus
With roots - Aconitum napellus, Aethusa cynapium, Arnica montana,
Belladonna, Chamomilla, Chelidonium majus, Conium, Drosera,
Dulcamara, Euphrasia, Hyoscyamus, Hypericum, Ledum palustre,
Pulsatilla, Ruta graveolens, Spigelia, Stramonium
ROOTS
Fresh : Arum triphyllum, Bryonia alba
Dried : Ipecacuanha, Ratanhia
Aerial : Ficus indica
Root & rhizome : Aletris farinose
STEMS
Flowering stem: Cactus grandiflorus
Stem with leaves: Clematis erecta, Sabina
Rhizome: Gelsemium, Helleborus, Podophyllum, Sanguinaria
canadensis, Veratrum album, Veratrum viride
Corm: Colchicum autumnale, Crocus sativus
Bulb: Allium cepa, Allium sativum
LEAVES
Dried: Coca, Eucalyptus, Tabacum, Gymnema sylvestre
Fresh: Digitalis purpurea, Rhus tox, Justicia adhatida, Kalmia
latifolia, Ficus religiosa
YOUNG SHOOTS
Asparagus officinalis, Pinus sylvestris
FLOWERS
Flower bud: Prunus spinosa
Stigma: Crocus sativus
Flowering heads (with leaves): Calendula, Eupatorium
perfoliatum
Flowering heads (without leaves): Cannabis sativa, cina,
Melilotus alba, Solidago
SEEDS
Fresh : Avena sativa, Cucurbita pepo, Ignatia, Syzygium
jambolanum
Dried: Cocculus indicus, Coffea cruda, Nux moschata, Nux vomica,
Sabadilla, Staphysagria, Carduus marianus.
BARK
Fresh outer bark: Abies Canadensis, Salix nigra, Viburunum
opulus,
Dried outer bark: Cinchona, Mezereum, Conduranga
Inner bark: Cinnamomum, Fraxinus Americana, Prunus virginiana
Fresh bark of root: Baptisia tinctoria, Berberis vulgaris,
Hamamelis
Dried bark of root: Gossypium
Bark of root and stem: Robinia
Bark of trees: Azadhirachta indica, Jonosia asoka, Terminalia
arjuna
FRUITS
Fresh fruits (berry) – Agnus castus, Crataegus, Sabal serrulata
Fresh leaves and berries – Viscum album
Dried fruits (Nuts) - Aesculus glabra
Pulp – Carica papaya
Juices : Aloe socotrina (Inspissated juice of leaves),
Opium (gummy juice of poppy), Anacardium occidentale (black oily
juice of shell).
Resins: Abies nigra, Guaicum
Gum-resins: Asafoetida
Balsams : Balsamum peruvianum
Volatile oils: Oleum santali, Oleum gaultheria
Fixed oils : Oleum crotonis, Oleum ricinis
Alkaloids : Atropine, Morphine, Nicotinum
Glycosides : Digitalin
CRYPTOGAMIA
Thallophyta :
Algae – Fucus vesiculosus
Fungi - Agaricus muscarius, Bovista, Secale cor, Ustilago
Lichen – Sticta pulmonaria
Bryophyta: - Polytrichum juniperinum
Pteriophyta: – Lycopodium (Spore), Equisetum hymale
Animal Kingdom
Phylum Porifera
Calcispongiae
- Badiaga: Fresh water sponge (Skeleton)
Spongia
tosta: Common sponge (Skeleton)
Phylum Coelenterata
Scyphozoa
- Medusa: Jelly-fish (Whole living animal)
Hydrozoa
- Physalia: Portuguese man-of-war (Whole living
animal
Anthozoa
- Corallium rubrum: Red coral (Skeleton)
Phylum Annelida
Hirudineae
- Sanguisuga: Hirudo, the leech (Whole living animal)
Phylum Mollusca
Gastropoda
- Helix tosta: Toasted snail (Whole living animal)
- Murex purpurea: Purple-fish (Juices)
Bivalvia
- Calcarea calcinata: Calcinated oystershell (Shell)
- Pectin: Scallop (Shell)
Cephalopoda
- Sepia: Cuttle fish (Juice)
- Eel serum (Serum)
Phylum Echinodermata
Asteroidea
- Asterias rubens: Star-fish (Whole living animal)
Phylum Arthropoda
Crustacea
Armadillo officinalis: Sow bug, Sow louse (Whole dried animal)
Astacus fluviatilis : Crawfish or River crab (Whole living
animal)
Homarus: Lobster (Digestive fluid)
Limulus cyclops: King crab (Blood)
Scolopendra: Centipede (Whole living animal)
Phylum Arthropoda
Arachnida
Aranea diadema: The Cross spider (Whole living animal)
Latrodectus katipo: Poison spider (Whole living animal)
Latrodectus mactans: Black widow spider (Whole living animal)
Mygale lasiodora: Black Cuban spider (Whole living animal)
Scorpio europus: Scorpion (Whole living animal)
Tarentula cubensis: Cuban spider (Whole living animal)
Tarentula hispanica: Spanish spider (Whole living animal)
Theridion curassavicum: Orange spider (Whole living animal)
Phylum Arthropoda
- Insecta
Apis mellifica: Honeybee (Whole living animal)
Blatta orientalis: Indian cockroach (Whole dried animal)
Cantharis: Spanish fly (Whole dried animal)
Cimex acanthia: Bedbug (Whole living animal)
Coccinella: Ladybird beetle (Whole living animal)
Coccus cacti: Cochineal insect (Whole dried animal)
Culex musca: Culex mosquito (Whole living animal)
Formica rufa: The Ant (Whole living animal)
Pisces
Serum anguillar ichthotoxin: Eel serum (serum)
Gadus morrhua: Cod (First cervical vertebra)
Oleum jecoris aselli: Cod-liver oil (Oil)
Pyrarara: River fish (nosode) (Whole living animal)
Amphibia
Bufo rana: Toad (poison)
Lizards
Amphisbaena vermicularis: Snake-like Lizard (Poison)
Heloderma: Gila monster (Poison)
Lacerta agilis: Green Lizard (Whole dried animal)
Ophidia (Snake
Poison)
Bothrops lanceolatus: Yellow viper
Cenchris contortrix: Copperhead snake
Crotalus horridus: North American Rattlesnake
Elaps corallinus: Brazilian Coral snake
Lachesis trigonocephalus: Surukuku
Naja tripudians: Indian hooded snake
Toxicophis: Moccasin snake
Vipera: Common Viper
Aves
Calcarea ovi testae: Egg-shell (Shell)
Ovi gallinae pellicula: Fresh membrane of shell of a Hen's egg
(Shell)
Mammalia
Carbo animalis – made from charred ox hide.
Castor equi – Rudimentary thumbnail of horse.
Castroreum – Tincture of secretion found in preputial sacs of
beaver.
Fel tauri – Trituration of ox gall.
Ingluvin – Gizzard of a fowl.
Mephatis – Alcoholic dilution of the liquid contained in the
anal gland of Skunk.
Moschus – trituration of inspissated secretion contained in
preputial follicles of Musk deer.
Pulmo vulpis – fresh lung of wolf or fox.
Lacs
(Milk & Milk Products)
Koumyss: Fermentation from ass's milk
Lac caninum: Bitch's milk
Lac defloratum: Skimmed cow's milk
Lac felinum: Cat's milk
Lac vaccini floc: Cream
Lac vaccinum: Cow's milk
Lac vaccinum coagulatum: Curds
Mineral Kingdom
Metals
Argentum met; Aurum met; Bismuthum; Cuprum met; Ferrum met;
Indium; Iridium; Manganum; Niccolum; Osmium; Palladium;
Platinum; Plumbum met; Rhodium; Stannum met; Tellurium;
Thallium; Titanium.
Inorganic acids
Acidum boracicum;
Acidum hydrobromicum;
Acidum hydrofluoricum;
Acidum muriaticum;
Acidum nitricum;
Acidum nitro muriaticum;
Acidum phosphoricum;
Acidum sulphuricum
Inorganic
Calcarea arsenicum; Calcarea bromatum; Calcarea carbonicun;
Calcarea fluorata; Calcarea hypophosphorosum; Calcarea iodatum;
Calcarea lactica phosphorica; Calcarea muriaticum;; Calcarea
phosphoricum; Calcarea picricum; Calcarea sulphuratum; Hepar
sulphuris; Lapis albus
Organic
Aethyl nitrosum; Amylenum nitrosum; Anilinum; Atropinum;
Benzenum; Camphora; Carboneum sulphuratum; Chloralum;
Chloroformum; Formalin; Glonoinum; Glycerinum; Indigo;
Iodoformum; Menthol; Methylene blue; Naphthalinum; Paraffinum;
PetroleumPix liquida; Propylamine; Sulphanilamide; Sulphonal;
Thiosinaminum; Thymolum; Trinitrotoluene; Urea; Uric acid.
Adamas; Aethiops antimonalis; Anthracite; Anthrakokali;
Antipyrinum; Benzoaris; Eupionum; Fluorspar; Graphites; Hekla
lava; Ichthyolum; Kaolin; Kerosolenum; Kreosotum; Mica; Slag;
Tetradymite.
Mineral
springs
Carlsbad: The waters of the Sprudel and Muhlbrunnen springs.
Levico: An arsenical mineral water of South Tyorol
Sanicula: A mineral spring water of Ottawa, Ill.,
U.S.A.
Skookum Chuck: Skookum Limechen Chuck Lake.
Vichy: Mineral springs at Vichy, France [Grande-Grille
springs}.
Wiesbaden: The spring at Wiesbaden, in Prussia.
Nosodes
Homoeopathic preparations from pure microbial culture obtained
from diseased tissue and clinical materials (secretions,
discharges, etc.) are known as NOSODES.
CLASSIFICATION OF NOSODES
N-I - Made from lysates of microorganisms capable of
producing bacterial endotoxins. Eg. Typhoidinum
N-II - Made from microorganisms capable of producing exotoxin
Eg. Diptherinum
N-III - Made from purified toxins.
N-IV - Made from microorganisms / viruses / clinical
materials from diseased
subjects eg. Psorinum
Anthracinum – Anthrax poison, prepared from spleen of
sheep or cattle.
Carcinosinum – Cancerous tissue
Diphtherinum – Diphtheric membrane
Medorrhinum – Urethral discharge from acute gonorrhoea
Psorinum – Itch eruption
Syphilinum – Syphilitic lesion – Primary or
Secondary.
Plant Nosodes
Secale cornutum - Fungus growing upon seed of ergot rye
Ustilago maydis - Fungus growing on stem of Indian
corn
Nectrianinum - Nosode of cancer of tree (Nectria ditissima)
Other Nosodes
Ambra Grisea - Morbid secretion from liver of sperm whale. It is
extracted from rectum and found floating on sea.
Boletus Laricis - prepared from dried fungus purging Agaric /
Larch Boletus.
Cholesterinum– prepared from gall stone.
Calculus renalis – prepared from renal calculus.
Hippomanes – prepared from a sticky mucoid substance of urinous
odour found in the amniotic fluid of the mare.
Malaria officinalis – Prepared from mire taken during dryness of
a malarial marsh.
Malandrinum – lysate from exudates of horse malandra (grease) –
discharge of eczema in the fold of the knee.
Morbillinum – from exudates of mouth and pharynx of measles of
infected patients.
O.A.N – synovial fluid of articulations especially knee and hip
of osteoarthritis patients.
Pyrogenum – prepared originally from decomposition of meat of
beef.
Usnea barbata – prepared from lichen infecting soft maple.
Vaccinonum – prepared from the lymph of cow pox.
Variolinum – lysate obtained from the serosity of smallpox
pustule.
Carcinosins
Epitheliomine – extract of epithelioma.
Schirrinum - Carcinoma schirrus (Stomach)
Carcinocin - Hepatica metastat.
Carcinocin adeno vesica – papillary adenocarcinoma of bladder.
Carcinosin pulmonale – pulmonary cancer.
Tuberculinums
Tuberculinum avis – prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
aviare.
Tuberculinum bovinum – prepared from the pus of tuberculosis
abscess in animal.
Tuberculinum Koch – culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacillinum Burnett – from the sputum of tuberculosis patients
containing the bacteria.
Bacillinum testium prepared from the testicle of tuberculosis
patient.
Bowel Nosodes
Morgan (Bach) - Morgan Pure- Morgan Gaertner
Proteus
Mutabile
Bacillus no.7
Gaertner
Dysentery-co
Sycotic-co
Faecalis
Sarcodes
Sarcodes are preparations from the secretions of healthy
organisms, healthy animal tissues and secretions.
Thyroidinum
Adrenaline
Pituitarum posterium
Cortisone
Adrenocorticotrophin
Insulin
Pepsin
Orchitinum
Oophorinum
Pancreatinum
Cholesterinum
Fel tauri
Vulpis fel
Colostrum
Imponderabilia
- Immaterial 'dynamic' energies that are utilized as potentized
homoeopathic medicines. (Aphorism 286, 6th edition, Organon of
Medicine)
Natural source
Luna - moon's rays
Sol - sun's rays
Magnetis poli ambo – the magnet
Magnetis polus arcticus – North Pole of magnet
Magnetis polus australis – South Pole of magnet
Man-made source
X-ray
Electricitas – Atmospheric & static
Galvanismus – galvanism
Tautopathic or Synthetic Source
Compounds synthesized, that have found a place in allopathic
system of medicine, are potentized, proved on healthy provers
and administered on the Similia principle. This category of
drugs is termed as ‘synthetic’.
Examples
Aspirin
Chloramphenicol
Chlorpromazinum
Corticotrophin
Histamine hydrochloride
Mannitol
Penicillin
9. Collection
& preservation of Plant Drugs –
WHOLE PLANT:
In flowering season, when partly in flower and partly in bud
during sunny weather.
ROOTS:
ANNUALS: Early in autumn.
BIENNIALS: In the spring of the second year.
PERENNIALS: In the second or third year, before they develop
woody fibers.
STEMS: After development of leaves.
WOOD:
In early spring or late in autumn before the juices are not
exhausted.
BARKS:
RESIN: In early spring, at the time of development of leaves and
blossoms.
NON-RESIN: Late in autumn from young vigorous trees.
HERBS:
When they are fully developed, should be cut just above roots.
LEAVES:
Just before and during early part of flowering time. Leaves of
biennial plants
are collected in spring of second year as soon as flowering
stems begin to shoot.
TWIGS: Of present year's growth only.
FLOWERS:
Partly in bud and partly in blossom, in dry weather.
BULBS:
As soon as they mature when the leaves begin to decay.
FRUITS AND SEEDS:
When they are fully ripe. Succulent fruits, seeds or berries
should be used while fresh. Only dried fruits, seeds or berries
may be stored in well closed glass container.
10. Phytochemistry – active principles of plant drugs
The active principles of a drug are the potent constituents of
the drug that is individual to the drug and are responsible for
the pharmacodynamic action of the drug.
GLYCOSIDES
Glycosides are non-reducing organic substances. They are
colourless, crystalline or amorphous solid substances soluble in
water and alcohol. The name of all glycosides ends in ‘in’.
Digitalis - digitoxin, digoxin, digitalin
Mezereum - daphin.
Cinchona - quinovin.
Aesculus hippocastanum - aesculetin
Ruta graveolens - rutin.
Thuja occidentalis - thujin, thujetin, thujenin.
TANNINS
Tannins consist of complex, organic, non- nitrogenous, phenolic
compounds of high molecular weight. They possess the property to
'tan', i.e. to convert hide and skin into leather.
Hydrolyzable tannins: Rheum, Hamamelis
Condensed tannins: Cinnamon, Cinchona
Pseudotannins: Nux vomica, Ipecacuanha
RESINS
Resins are plant exudates, except shellac or lac, which the lac-insect
prepares from plant juices. Resins associated with volatile oil
are called
oleo-resins. Resins in association with both volatile oil and
gum are called oleo-gum- resins. If the resins contain benzoic
acid and / or cinnamic acid and / or their esters, they are
called balsams.
Gum-resins - Asafoetida
Lignan - Podophyllum: podophyllotoxin
ALKALOIDS
Alkaloids are organic nitrogenous substances, more or less
alkaline in action and are the secondary metabolites of a plant.
Belladonna: atropine, apoatropine
Stramonium: hyoscyamine, hyoscine.
Cinchona: quinine, quinidine, cinchonine
Ipecacuanha: emetine
Opium: morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine
Secale cornutum: ergometrine, ergotamine
Nux vomica: strychnine, brucine
Conium maculatum: coniine
Aconitum napellus: aconitine, benzoylaconine
Colchicum autumnale: colchicine
VOLATILE OILS
Volatile oils are odorous constituents of plants. They are
liquid and volatile with a characteristic smell. They are
characteristic of certain orders such as Labiatae, Rutaceae,
Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Piperaceae and Zingiberaceae.
Mentha piperita : Peppermint oil
Camphora : Camphor
Nux moschata : Nutmeg oil
Eucalyptus : Eucalyptus oil
Santalum album : Sandalwood oil
FIXED OILS, FATS AND WAXES
Fixed oils and fats, obtained from plants, differ only as
regards their melting point but chemically they belong to the
same group. If a substance is liquid at 15.5° to 16.5°, it is
called fixed oil and if it is solid or semi-solid at the above
temperature, it is called fat.
Ricinus comunis: Castor oil
Croton tiglium : Croton oil
Hydnocarpus : Hydnocarpus oil
10.
Collection & Preservation of Animal Kingdom
Venoms are obtained from serological laboratories and are
quickly dry-freezed and preserved in glycerin.
Elaps corallinus : The venom is collected by compressing a
butter-plate against the fangs or by letting the snake bite
through a cloth covering a wide-mouth bottle.
Lachesis:
The living snake is stunned with a blow; the venom is then
collected on sugar of milk by pressing the poison fang upwards
against the bag.
Crotalus horridus, Naja tripudians, Vipera :
Venom is procured by compressing the gland when the serpent is
either pinioned in a frame or under the influence of chloroform.
Bufo rana:
The live animal is fastened to a slab of cork by four strong
pins stuck through the webs of the feet. The poles of an
induction apparatus in action are slowly drawn over the back of
the animal, whereupon the poison very soon issues from the
dorsal glands.
Cantharis:
In May or June when the insects swarm upon the trees, they are
collected in the morning at sunrise, when they are torpid from
the cold of night and easily let go their hold.. Person with
their faces protected by masks and their hand with gloves shakes
the tree or beat with poles. The insects are collected as they
fall upon linen cloths spread underneath. They are then exposed
in sieves to the vapour of boiling vinegar and having been thus
deprived of life, are dried in the sun or in apartments heated
by stoves.
12. Homoeopathic vehicles and bases.
Homoeopathic vehicles are material agents that are
therapeutically inert, having no curative properties of its own,
as well as chemically non-reactive with drug substances. They
are a media for extraction of the properties of the drug, its
preservation and conveyance of the properties of the drug to the
intended site of action.
Classification of homoeopathic vehicles
Solid vehicles –
Sugar of milk
Cane sugar
Globules and Pilules
Pellets
Cones
Tablets
Liquid vehicles -
Distilled
water
Alcohol
Glycerin
Solvent ether
Syrup simplex
Olive oil
Almond oil
Almond oil
Sesame oil
Chaulmoogra oil
Coconut oil
Sandalwood oil
Lavender oil
Rosemary oil
Semi-solid vehicles-
Paraffin: Hard Paraffin; Soft Paraffin [Yellow soft paraffin,
White soft paraffin];
Liquid Paraffin
Beeswax: Yellow beeswax; White beeswax
Lanolin
Spermaceti
Prepared lard
Isinglass
Soap: Hard soap; Soft soap; Curd soap,
Starch
Vehicles for preparation of mother tincture, mother solution,
mother substance-
Alcohol
Distilled water
Glycerin
Solvent ether
Sugar of milk
Vehicles for potentization-
Sugar of milk
Alcohol
Distilled water
Vehicles for dispensing of Homoeopathic medicines-
Globules,
Pilules
Cones
Tablets
Sugar of milk
Distilled water
Syrup simplex
Vehicles as bases for external applications-
Distilled water
Alcohol
Glycerin
Olive oil
Almond oil
Sesame oil
Chaulmoogra oil
Coconut oil
Sandalwood oil
Lavender oil
Rosemary oil
Paraffin
Beeswax
Lanolin
Spermaceti
Prepared lard
Isinglass
Soap
Starch
13. Saccharum lactis
(saccharum lactose, sugar of milk)
Chemical formula: C12H22O11, H2O
Molecular weight: 360.3
Source: goat's milk
Stapfs process of purification of saccharum lactose (John Ernst
Stapf)
Steps
450gm. sl +2 liters of boiling water
filter using filter paper
filtrate+ 2 liters of absolute alcohol
keep for 3-4 days
crystals deposits
add some alcohol to crystallized mass and wash in purified
water
crystals are diluted by pouring through filter paper and kept
airtight .
Stable in air, but readily absorbs odors.
1gm is soluble in 5ml of water; in 2.6ml of boiling water; very
slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble in chloroform
and in ether.
Its solution is neutral to litmus.
Impurities are Starch, Cane sugar, Acid radical, Alum, Chloride,
Phosphates, and Copper.
14.
Globules
are prepared from pure cane sugar (pharmaceutical grade of cane
sugar / sucrose) with globule making pan or pill tubes.
It is sometimes made with 80% sucrose and 20% lactose.
Molecular weight – 342.3
Colour: white
Shape: uniform and perfectly globular
Size: Size numbers 40, 50, 60, 70 or 80 are generally called
pilules. The smaller sizes are called globules.
Consistency: not be too soft or too hard
Odor: odorless
Taste: sweet, as it is made from cane sugar
Solubility: entirely soluble in water
Dispensing of homoeopathic potencies as well as placebo.
For preservation of homoeopathic medicines.
Globules are to be kept in airtight bottles and kept away from
moisture.
The globules retain their medicinal value for many years, if
protected against sunlight and heat.
Impurities are Flavour, Starch, Glucose, Glycerin, Talc, Chalk,
Kaolin, Antioxidants, inorganic & whitening agents.
Pellets are small, sterile cylinders about 3.2 mm diameter by
8mm in length that are formed by compression from medicated
masses. In Homoeopathy, it is a synonym for globule.
15. Cones - Source - Cane sugar and egg albumin
Conical in shape
Size - by the diameter of base in millimeter; common size - 6
For preservation of medicines for a long time.
16. Tablet -source Pure refined sugar of milk.
Prepared by tablet punching machine.
Shape: discoid, round with flat or convex face
Size: In size of 1grain or 65 mg
Consistency: softer than globules
Lactose content – not less than 94%
Binder – not exceeding 3%w/w
Lubricant – not exceeding 3% w/w
Insoluble matter – not exceeding 5% w/w
Disintegration time – with in 5 minutes.
Ash value – 0.5% w/w
Tablets serve as solid dosage forms for dispensing of
homoeopathic medicines.
17. Distilled Water
Synonym: Purified water; Aqua distillata; Aqua purificata
Chemical symbol: H2O
Molecular weight: 18.015
Prepared by
Compression distillation – using Leibigs condenser (Small
scale).
Purification by Stills – Conventional Stills & Multiple effect
Still.
Deionization- Cation exchangers (Zeokarb 225, Amberlite IR 120
resin)
Anion exchangers (Amberlite IR 400, DeAcidite FF,
Zeolite FF resin)
Specific gravity – 1.000 at 25C.
Boiling point – 100C
Freezing point – 0C
pH - 5.8 – 7
Impurities – Acidity or Alkalinity, iron, lead,
Ammonia, Chloride, Sulphate, Calcium
For preparation of aqueous mother solutions according to Class
VA and Class VB.
It is used to convert solid trituration potency into a liquid
potency for succussions.
To prepare mother solution for LM scale.
18. Ethyl Alcohol. Synonym: Ethanol; Spirit of Wine;
Chemical symbol: C2H5OH
Molecular weight: 46.07
Prepared by
Distillation of fermented liquids containing carbohydrates or by
synthesis. It contains not less than 94.7%v/v or 92.0%w/w and
not more than 95.2%v/v or 92.7%w/w of ethyl alcohol.
Usable carbohydrate -containing materials include molasses,
sugarcane, beetroot, grapes, fruit juices, corn, barley, wheat,
rice, maize, potato, wood and waste sulphite liquors.
Impurities in alcohol are acid, fusel oil, water, methyl
alcohol.
Varieties of Alcohol:
Absolute alcohol – Prepared by dehydration of rectified spirit
with fresh quick lime or by distillation of rectified spirit,
mixed with little benzene
Contains not less than 99.4%v/v or 99%w/w of ethyl alcohol.
Specific gravity – 0.795.
It is used in Stapf process for the purification of sugar of
milk.
Dispensing alcohol –Prepared by diluting 947ml of strong alcohol
to 1000ml with purified water
Contains 91.4%v/v (limit 91.0 to 92.0%v/v) of ethyl
alcohol
Specific gravity: 0.8289 to 0.8319
Dispensing alcohol is used for making most of the
dilutions from tinctures, in Centesimal and Decimal scale,
preparation of potencies of fifty millesimal scale and
conversion of solid triturations into liquid potencies.
Dilute alcohol – Prepared by diluting 632ml of strong alcohol to
1000ml with purified water.
Contains 60%v/v (limit 59.5% to 60.5%v/v) of ethyl alcohol
Specific gravity: 0.9139 to 0.9169
After conversion of solid trituration, 6X potency to 8X in the
liquid form, the next higher potency 9X is prepared with dilute
alcohol (HPI).
Dilute alcohol is used to prepare 1X and 1C potencies from the
mother tincture prepared according to Old Hahnemannian Method,
prepare evaporating lotions and cleansing of utensils.
Proof Spirit - It is legally defined as being a spirit, which at
a temperature of 51oF shall weigh exactly 12/13th of weight of
an equal measure of distilled water.
Specific gravity: 0.91976
Contains 57.1% of ethyl alcohol by volume and 49.28% of ethyl
alcohol by weight.
Spirit of this strength is called 100% Proof Spirit. So 57.1% by
volume of Spirit is equivalent to 100% Proof Spirit.
Weaker spirits are termed as 'Under Proof - U.P.' and stronger
spirits are termed as 'Over Proof - O.P.'.
Conversion of % concentration to proof strength and vice versa
20o OP = 120 / 1.75 = 68.57%
60o OP = 160 / 1.75 = 91.42%
10o UP = 90 / 1.75 = 51.4%
91.42% = (91.42 X 1.75) - 100 = 60 i.e. 60 OP
60% = (60 X 1.75) - 100 = 5 i.e. 5 OP
40% = (40 X 1.75) - 100 = – 30 i.e. 30 UP
Rectified Spirit 60 O.P. means Pure Rectified Spirit containing
160 percent of Proof Spirit.
Specific gravity: 0.829.
Contains 91.29 % by volume of ethyl alcohol.
19. Glycerin -
Chemical formula: CH2OH CHOH CH2OH or C3H8O3
Molecular weight: 92.09
Boiling point – 290C
Specific gravity – 1.26
For the preservation of poisonous animal products and venom of
snakes.
For preparation of glyceroles and lotions.
For preparation of mother tinctures of Apis mellifica,
Tarantula, etc.
20. Solvent Ether- : (C2H5)2O
– Mol Wt: 74.12
21. Oils -
Olive oil - Oleum olivae - A fixed oil obtained from ripe fruits
of Olea europea. Pale Yellow colour (green to greenish yellow),
Spf. gr. – 0.910 – 0.913 at 20C.
Almond oil - Oleum amygdalae expressum - : A fixed oil obtained
from kernels of seeds of Prunus amygdalus.Pale yellow colour,
Spf. gr - 0.910 – 0.915 at 20C.
Sesame oil - Oleum sesami; Gingelly oil - : A fixed
oil obtained from seeds of Sesamum indicum. Pale yellow colour,
faint odour, Spf. gr - 0.916 – 0.921 at 20C.
Chaulmoogra oil - Oleum chaulmoograe - A fixed oil expressed
from fresh ripe seeds of Hydnocarpus kurzii or Hydnocarpus
wightiana.Brownish yellow colour, rancid butter odour.
Sandal wood oil - Oleum santali-: A volatile oil obtained from
dried heartwood of Santalum album Thick, pale yellow colour,
strongly aromatic odour, Spf. gr - 0.973 – 0.985 at 20C.
Lavender oil - Oleum lavendulae - : A volatile oil obtained from
fresh flowering tops of Lavendula officinalis.Yellowish
green colour, Spf. gr - 0.875 – 0.888 at 25C.
Rosemary oil - : Oleum rosmarini - A volatile oil prepared from
fresh flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis. Pale yellow
colour, characteristic odour of rosemary, Spf. gr - 0.894– 0.912
at 20C.
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