Phenomenon is an observed or apparent object or fact or occurence.There is a basic wholeness in a phenomenon.

Phenomenology is a study of that which exhibits or displays itself or it is the descriptive point of view obtained by viewing the thing as a whole.
Medicine needs to be studied as a whole and also in minute particulars but over emphasis on minute particulars will interrupt the understanding of organism as a whole.

As our knowledge is expanding , the vastness of concepts information, beliefs etc . are to be integrated in to a meaningful whole for the better understanding and for this, a phenominological outlook is necessary.

Homoeopathy is enjoying a phenomenological view point as it deals with the primary, morbid alterations taking place in the vitality of human being which will be exhibited or manifested as signs and symptoms has a wholistic concept about diseases. Homoeopathy is considering the broader outlines of the whole,but it should be based on the logic that the minute particulars should come as a part or should correspond adequately with the general phenomenological outlook.

The study of minute details is necessary but it may reach a dead end on the questions why and how and here one will have to go back to the more general wholistic existence of the human being

ADAPTATION: The force within a human being is differentiating the individual from others, at the same time unifying the individual with Nature. There is a basic uniqueness in the universe, out of which all animate and inanimate forms have been derived. A human being will show a response towards some environmental situation and the response will be shown by almost all human beings under similar environmental situations (exceptions for this are the idiosyncrasies).Other organisms may also show similar responses. THIS IS BASIS OF THE QUALITY KNOWN AS ADAPTATION.

Though there is a basic unity in animate as well as inanimate beings,there is a differentiating factor also and we can conveniently call that factor as the susceptibility which differentiates lifeness from lifelessness.
The various life processes such as health and disease are subjected to the statistical laws whereas the quality of life itself is subjected to the universal laws.So whenever we are dealing with life and various life processes,there should be a balance between our statistical laws and the universal laws.i.e.one should not contradict the other.

H.A.Roberts is arguing that if homoeopathy is based on the natural laws,then the results of the homoeopathic drugs,both in diseases as well as in provings,should be uniform. But there is a variation in the remedial action which we are unable to understand.there can be such variations as the individual qualities of the sick individuals well as the provers may be different. Versatility is a characteristic of human beings. but H.A.Roberts is not favouring these individual variations and he is declaring that beyond all these individual and circumstantial variation, there are reasons for the variation in remedial actions, which we can not understand. He is observing that our incapability in the complete understanding of the dynamic laws and our overdependence on the statistical laws are the causes of these troubles.

THE BASIC PROBLEM IS THAT THERE IS NO DETERMINABLE LEVEL. OF HEALTH.Our senses are imperfect and incapable of a total understanding of a symptom or the mechanism of production of symptom. WE CAN NOT PERCEIVE SYMPTOMS IN THEIR FULL MEANING. the phenomena of health and disease are very difficult to put into material explanations as our senses are too imperfect and incapable of understanding and interpreting these phenomena.

While talking about the phenomenological viewpoint in homoeopathy,H.A.Roberts is saying that an atom can offer the solution to universal physics and that the universe itself offers aid in understanding our specific problems and we can put it in another way as homoeopathy is a therapeutic method ,considering the general as well as particular aspects of health and disease, the particulars giving ideas about the generals and the generals giving ideas about the particulars.
 
THE HYPOTHESIS OF AN ENERGY RELEASE   IN DILUTIONS 

H.A.Roberts is trying to correlate the process of radioactivity and the energy release with the dilutions!
There is a concept that when diluting, the potential energy of the drug particles is getting released. He is thinking that in dynamisation an energy release is taking place and he is suggesting that during trituration or sucussions,the atomic structure of the drug element is getting altered or even there can be a splitting up of the atom with an energy release .But this is not a convincing argument. In order to split an atom, a huge amount of energy is required and this will result in the release of a very huge amount of energy which we have not however observed during dynamisation.
Even today, what is happening in Potentisation is not understood. Whether there is any definite energy release when diluting the element, whether any chemico-physical changes are happening, is a special subject for a biophysicist.

An absolute understanding of the health and disease qualities is almost impossible, but in order to interpret these processes, not merely a study of the pathology but, a phenomenological ,holistic approach, keeping in mind, the universal energy and its changes, is required.

Phenominolgy
The word ‘phenominology’ has come, in modern times, to be associated with Edmund Husserl .

 Historically, it was Hegel who had first used the word in his work The “phenomenology of spirit. In Hegel’s work phenomenology was understood to be an ascent or consciousness from the conscious stage to absolute kge through various forms of self consciousness. As phenomenology etymologically means science or phenomena of appearances. But Hegel understand them to the appearances of the absolute which constitute the different stages of the universal cosncimored. So Hegel’s interest was mainly ontological, but Hasseral was mainly interested in the epistemological problems To him ‘phenomena’ stand for ‘appearences’ through which a thing is presented to us, such as in perception.

These appearances are fundamentally different from Hegelian appearances. Husseral understands phenomenology as the study of phenomena or appearances in a systematic way to explain the possibility of our valid kge in different fields such as science, mathematics, philosophy etc. He does not accept phenomenology as a metaphysical or ontology, rather to him, it is philosophical method which will help us to go to the foundation of sciences and other branches of kge.
Husserl defined phenomenology as the description of subjective processes and there by made phenomenology co-extensive with psychology. But the two sciences differ mainly in that psychology seeks to explain phenomena in causal and genetic terms, where as phenomenology merely analysis and describes phenomena as they are presented. Phenomenology as the descriptive analysis of subjective phenomena, independently of any philosophical or epistemological presuppositions or commitments, is advocated by Hasserl as an indispensable preliminary to all other sciences.
Phenomenology is subjectivist in that its investigations are initially directed toward the ego and its presentations. However it is not subjectivist in a psychological sense for Husserl is against “psychologism” prevalent among his contemporaries. He insists on the autonomy of rational enquiry into the ideal rational factors in experience. Phenomenology is philosophical science prior to and independent of psychology.

An essential feature of the phenomenological method is the technique of “bracketing” or elimination of the factual dimension of our experience, inorder to focus attention on its essential, ideal aspect, the proper subject matter of philosophical enquiry. The phenomenologist is not concerned with particular facts as such, but with ideal essences which shine them a particulars.

Husserl uses the expression ‘Epoch’ (suspension of judgment) to refer to the purification of experience of its factuality. This method involutes an initial suspension of judgment regarding the existence of the presentations of consciousness. The method of bracketing of existence must be preserved throughout to investigate the essential constitution of experience.    

Phenomenological analysis is conversant with the ideal entities with which we are confronted after we have bracketed or eliminated factiality.But Husserl differs himself from platonic realism. These ideal objects of phenomenological enquiry are not platonic universals. Husserl invokes the theory of ‘intentional reference’ in his interpretation of the objects of phenomenological study. Intentionality is an intrinsic saint of the subjective processes of consciousness whom by they refer to subjects- the objects of phenomenological--enquiry are intentional objects. The phenomenologist is not committed ---to these subjects any ontological states beyond the main fact that they are emisages. In phenomenology the important thing is not the status of ideal objects but the fact that such objects may  be investigated in their interrelations, and that the results of such descriptive analysis are conceive and communicable. They then possess the only kind of objectivity which is necessary for the purpose of genuine Kge.     
 
Existentialism
The philosophy of existentialism. has become extremely popular since World War II. The reasons is that it is representative of the disillusionment and the ‘waste-land’ feeling which the war created. More than ever, the individual must find renewed meaning within himself and he cannot appeal to social utopias .for a majic key ( (solutions) for his problems. The difference between Exm. and traditional philosophy1is that exm. rejects universal and abstract problems and instead, dwells upon ‘subjective awareness’ Existence, thus precedes essence in existentialism.

The father of modern exm. was Soren Kienkagard (19’th cent. Danish), could excepts a profaned influence on German Philo: before the I World War. This influence, which rapidly invocated during the two wars, has spread beyond the boundaries of Germany and helped to mould the philosophy of exm. in France, Latin America and US. His Philo- is theological in its motivation, esthete in its literacy and poetic form, and ethical in its imports.

The three Chief conception of K’s. philó. are ‘truth’ ‘Choice’and ‘God’.
His conception of the nature of philosophical truth is not introduced into the individual from without, but was within him all the time”. The central concept of K.’s philo, is choice’— which s given in his early work “either/or. Choice is presented as a decision between two ways of life — (1)Esthetic life and to, ethical life ..... The culmination of Exit. Thinking is the K’ge of god.
The technical side of Kierkegards teaching was developed by Heidegger and Jaspers while its religious implications were explored by Marcel and unamung.
Heideggers central problem is the problem of being considered in its temporal and historical character focused in the life and existence of man. He analyses the individual man in his relation to himself, to his internment and to other men. The whole of human existence is permeated by a tragic amity induced by the  sense of the inevitability of death. The individual is  facing his own death, is confronted  by absolute nothingness- nothingness which is not the mere absence of existence, but a priordial reality — man’s existence is a “being for death”.

Jasper’ three methods:- (1) The method of philosophical world orientation (2) the elucidation of existence and (3) Metaphysics.
J.P. Sartre:- leading figure- secular and atheistic- combines existentialism with Phenomenology of Husserl-Reverses the theistic doctrine of the priority of essence over existence or rejects essence entirely in favor of existence. Theistic essentialism is the replaced by atheistic existentialism-transition from ontological to the humanistic level-central to his conception of man are the notion of ‘concious subjectivity’ freedom and nothingness. Conscious subject referred to as ‘pour-sol (the for itself) and ‘en-sol’ (the in itself) polarity between the two – leads tension and also responsible for mans freedom.
                   
Positivism
 
I. Early positivism – Auguote Comte (1798-1857)- ideal is reform of society.
Positive Kge is result of historical evolution. Human mind passes through three stages — the law of three stages or employs three methods of philosophizing. (1) Th theological
(2) The metaphysical and (3) the positive, each of which has its practical value.

II.   Recent positivis1ie tendencies:-
Logical positivism: is the employment of verifiability as the criteria of meaning. An empirical statement is significant or meaningful, should admit of verification or falsification.
The most striking philosophical consequence of the positivistic analysis of Kge, is that it  rules out as meaningless (nonsensical) almost the whole of metaphysics. The works of traditional philosophy, accordingly. are filled with statements which are neither empirical statements of fact nor analytic tautologies.
Then what is the function of phi1osophy:-There are several legitimate tasks for philosophy within a positivistic frame work. A philosopher may formulate speculative generalization of a cosmological sort which derive from the factual evidence of the sciences of physics, astronomy and biology. There remains for philosophy also the legitimate task of analysis of philosophical concepts and resultant clarification of philosophical meanings. Theosophical analysis of a linguistic type may be significant even though it cannot be expected to yield synthetic truth.

Rudolf Carnap  (1891)
His  logical empiricism differs from earlier positivism in assigning to philosophy the important task of investigating the structure and function of language. The task of clarifying language and its meaning is carried out in three classic lines: (1) “Syntax”
-concerned with the formal interconnection linguistic signs and above the rules for the formation of sentences (2) “semantics”-analysis of meanings of terms and expressions and (3) Pragmatics investigates the functions of language in its psychological and sociological contexts.

Ludwig Wittgenstein:-
In his tractates, the negative and anti-metaphysical theme of psm. receives  striking formulation. Most propositions and questions that have been written about philosophical matters are not false, but non-sensical. We cannot therefore answer question of this kind at all but only state the senselessness. Although philosophy considered as a science of true propositions about reality is impossible ,since truth of this sort is exhausted by the natural sciences which embrace the totality of all true propositions, philosophy serves the invaluable function of clarifying the meanings conveyed by language. All Philo: is a critique of  language. The result of philosophy is not a numer of philosophical propositions, but to make out propositions class.

 Analytic  Philosophy
Analytical phi1osc is concerned with the logical clarification of concepts used in science, philosophy and in every day language. It grew up around the work of GE Moore (1873) and Bertrand Russell (1872). They are concerned with the concepts and notions of philosophy itself, of language, both natural and artificial, and of science. Though analytic philosophers continued to try to understand the world as before, they turned more often toward attempts, to understand out talk about the world, whether that talk was philosophic or scientific. Therefore it is inevitable that this should turns into a preoccupation with language.

Three areas of concuss ------- language may be singled out. Historically the earliest was to concern to use words precisely so as to formulate problems ---- and unambiguously. This is effected by an cereal------- of what one is saying. The next was the  as philosophers usually speak it. This is effected by making up situations and analyzing what we would or should be likely to say when confronted by them.
 
 Pragmatism
Pragmatism is a method of inquiry and a theory of meaning and truth derived train the natural sciences and applicable to philosophy enunciated by C.S.Peirce and. developed and applied by William James, John Dewey and C.l. Leuis.

 Pragmatic principle are designated to promote the clarification of the renaming of conception and propositions. The meaning of an idea is conception is the envisaged practical consequences of the conception. To ascertain the meaning of a conception one should consider what practical consequences will result from the truth of that conception: the sum of these consequences will constitute the entire meaning of the conception.

Pros. is not a ‘theory of truth’, but merely a technique for ascertaining the meaning of conceptions.
Semioties or theory of signs: A sign is anything used to refer to an object independent of object - factors; (1) the sign itself, (2) the object of the sign. (3) the ‘terpretent’of  the sign and (4) the mind which uses and interprets signs.
Correspondence theory of truth: A proposition is true in so far as there is a correspondence between the proposition considered as a signi and the object. to which the proposition  refers. Claim that. a strict application of pragmatic principles can eliminate all pronto-problems ------- the field of philosophy.

W.James proposes the pragmatic test of meaning as a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be interminable. James theory embraces not only a theory of meaning but likewise a theory of truth.
It is a method of determining the truth or falsity of propositions according as they do or do not fulfill our purposes and satisfy our biological and emotional needs. A true proposition is one the acceptance of which leadsl to success, a false proposition is one which produces failure and frustration. In introducing a reference to satisfactiones,expendiency practicality and instrumentality in his definition of truth, James drastically restates Peincee intellectuality formulations.
The test of a theory a belief, a doctrine, must be its effects on us, its practical consequences. This is the pragmatic test. Always ask yourself what difference it will make in your experience whether you accept materialism or idealism, determinism or free will, monism or pluralism, atheism or theism. On pragmatic principles if the hypothesis of god works satisfactiorly,it is true. The test of truth when in its practical consequences. The possession of truth is not an end in itself. 
 
The method of concomited variations:-
  Any circumstance which is unappeased by the variation of a phenomenon cannot be connected with it by way of causation. Mill states the canon and method this:— “whatever phenomenon varies in any manner whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner, is either a cause or an effect of that phenomenon, on is connected with it through some fact of causation.
If a variation. in c is followed by a corresponding variation in path,then the two are causally connected.
C1 . .   P1
C2 . . P2       
C3 . . P3
C4 . . P4
 In this series P increasing proportionately with the increase of C; that is, the variations are in the same direction:
Limitation;— Only auxiliary to one or the other of the other methods.

Method of residues:-
This method can be employed only at a late stage of causal investigation. If several parts of a complex phenomenon have been explained in terms of their antecedent circumstances, then the remaining part or parts of the phenomenon can be determined to be the effect of the antecedent factors which are yet left over. Mill explained the canon thus:—
“Sub duct from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous induction to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the effect of the remaining antecedents.
If  it is known that the antecedents P, Q & R and c, d, e and if is further known through prior-induction that R is the effect of e and Q the effect of d, it may be determined by this method that P is the effect of c.
c d e . . . . P Q R
e . . . . R
d. . . . Q
c . . . . R
 
Empiricism
Empiricism is a theory of knowledge and a philosophic tradition which claims that all genuine Kgc is possible through sense experience alone. As opposed to rationalism, empiricism maintain that there are no pre-conceived ideas (innate ideas) in the mind. Thus it rejects a priories. Bacom is  regarded as the pioneer of empiricist movement. Thorough systematic account of empiricism are found in the writings of John Locks, the . seeds of empiricism are found in the writings of Bacon. He opposed a1l form of scholasticism and dogmatism. For him the first step to acquiring true Kgc is to cleanse from all sorts of preconceptions and prejudices.
Mill as an empiricists is the champion of intuitivism. His ‘logic’ has been called the most thorough going expositor of the epistemology of empiricism ever written.