Taken from the Greek word phillen, which means love' and 'wisdom'.

1. Philosophy is the science of general beings and human thinking
2. Cognition: - socio historic process of man's creative activity designed to shape their knowledge, which in turn underlines the man's aim and motives of their action.
3. Social consciousness
4. Reflective thought: - moral values are assessed at this level. When a becomes continuous, sustained, logical and directed towards life values leads to
development of philosophy.

Aim of a philosopher is
1. To construct a woridview on any subject matter
2. To study any went on background of fife values and morality

Based on a completely unified knowledge.

AIMS OF PHILOSOPHY:
1 - Interpretation of the meaning and values of life
2. Interpretation of the source and destiny

PURPOSE OF PHILOSOPHY:
1. To try to solve the problems
2. Reflective thinking of any particular or fundamental question.
3. Critically analyse the concepts and make necessary relationships between them.

SCIENCE;
SCIO = SCIRE ( LATIN). SCIENCE IS KNOWLEDGE.
Science is defined as complete and consistent description of the facts of experience in the simplest possible terms, ft involves the experiencing  the conditions in which a particular event or phenomenon has taken place. Science aims at the discovery of cause
of particular event.

METHODOLOGY:
1. Acquisition of facts
2. Description of facts
a. Definition
b. Analysts of derived facts
c. Classification  into  groups
3. Explanation
a. To ascertain the causes
b. Formulation of tow

                                    COMPARATIVE STUDY:

PHILOSOPHY                                                                               SCIENCE
1. Philosophy seeks comprehensive                                          1. Science classifies, formulates,
knowledge. i.e. the integration of analyses and gives description
concepts or synthesis of science.
                                                                                               2. Science is quantitative.
2. The aim of philosophy is explained
   - first cause, meaning, values                                                  3. Science explains the relation
between the two phenomena on
3. The object of philosophy is material plane.
reflective thinking various sciences by which general conclusion can be
involved about the nature of universe as well as our position and prospects in ft.
4. Philosophy is qualitative
5. Philosophy explains two phenomena on qualitative plane.

Subject matter of philosophy:
1. Conscious reflection upon the world
2. Critical examination of concepts made by science and common sense.

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:
1. Metaphysics
2. Epistemology
3. Logic
4, Ethics
5. Aesthetics

META PHYSICS
It is the study of the fundamental nature of reality, existence and of the essence of the things. it is divided into
1. Ontology. which means study of being and
2. Cosmology that means the study of physical universe. Deals with study of organization, history and future of universe.

Branches:
1. Materialism: everything explained in terms of matter. Monistic concept in materialism
2. Idealism; everything exist because of some ideas, we cannot formulate an idea without previous experience. God as a supreme power (plato)
3. Mechanism: state of being Is explained. AU phenomena results from purely mechanical forces.
Explain things as physico-chemicat back ground, mass particle, particle and atom theory.
4. Teleologv:- every thing in the universe is created for some purpose. Aphorism 1 foot note teleological concept of Hahnemann (?).

EPISTEMOLOGY
Study of the nature, basis and extend of the knowledge, it explores various phase of knowledge the nature of truth and the relationship between knowledge and belief.
Apriory  knowledge - knowledge obtained by thinking process without taking the account of experience.
Empirical knowledge - gained  from practical observation and experience.
Apriori and empirical knowledge has to go hand in hand for best results.

Theories for acquisition of knowledge:
1. Correspondence theory: an idea is true If it corresponds to feet or reality.
2. Pragmatic theory: an idea Is true If ft works or settles the problem dealt In front of us.
3. Coherence theory:an Idea Is true to the extent to which ft fits together with other ideas that one holds.
4. Scpticism -knowledge is impossible to attain and the truth is unknowable.
5. Authoritananism: knowledge is guaranteed or validated by authority or forwarded by some authority. Example diagnosis of disease. Galen.
6.Mysticism :knowledge acquired through mystical experience. Knowledge is not acquired through nature, experience, world of space and lime or concepts, it is obtained through Insight into the self, mind or God.
7. Empiricism: knowledge gained through experience and observation. Based on sensations.

 LOGIC
Study of principles and methods of reasoning. The science of arguments and conclusions got from these arguments. These are classified into two types

1. Good logic - if a conclusion follows the arguments
2. Bad logic - if a conclusion cannot be made from an argument

Inductive method of logic utilized for the formulation of taws and the deductive method of logic is used to explore necessary consequences from an assumption.

ETHICS:
It is concerned with human conduct, character and values. Ethics helps to differentiate between good and bad or right and wrong, it divides into
1. relativism
2. subjectivism - considered on the subjective feeling of taste etc.

AESTHETICS:
It is concerned with creation and principles of beauty. It deals with thoughts, feelings and attitudes formulated or formed while seeing, reading or hearing something beautiful.

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY:

ANCIENT GREECE (BC 700 - 600)
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

INDIA (BC 600)
Vedanta
Darsana
Buddhism
Jeinism
Sikhism
Islam

CHINA (BC 600)
Confuescianism
Taoism
Maoism

Homoeopathy is based on western philosophy

MODERN PHILOSOPHY
Rationalism
Empirics
Existentialism
Phenomenology
Pragmatism
Logical Positivism

ROLE OF PHILOSOPHY:
1. Philosophy critically examines the principles employed In the science and daily fife.
2. Philosophy searches the inconstancies, in any principles and accepts the principles only after critical enquiry. Finds no reason to reject ft.
3. Philosophical criticism is aimed to consider each piece of apparent knowledge on its merits.

VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY:
1. Philosophy alms to acquire knowledge, which gives a unity and system, or a  complete unified knowledge. Aimsto formulate the wisdom about the world
2. Philosophy Is more apparent than real one
3. Philosophy has to give an answer for every uncertainties
4 - Philosophy gives freedom from narrow and personal aims
5. Philosophy enriches intellectual imagination and mind is rendered great and become capable of union with universe which constitutes the higher goal. 

ARISTOTLE; 62 Years 384 BC-322 BC
He was born in 384BC at Stagka. His father was a physician to the king of Macedonia. At the age of 17 he joined Plato's academy. After the death of Plato, Aristotle left to Athens. In 343 BC, Philip II, the king of Macedonia invited Aristotle to teach his son Alexander, the great. In 335 BC he returned to Athens. In 323BC again left Athens and returned to Eubea. 12 months after reaching Eubea he expired in 322 BC.

Plato was the greatest pillar of philosophy. He established idealistic philosophy. Idealistic philosophy had certain problems and inconsistencies. Early Platonists tried to spread idealistic philosophy without taking into consideration the problems as well as inconsistencies of idealistic philosophy. Aristotle was the greatest student of Plato. He wanted to develop idealistic philosophy on a scientific background. Philosophy revolved around form and matter.

According to Plato - form and matter are separate. Form is transcendent to matter

According to Aristotle - form is imminent (inside) cannot be separated. From + matter combined to form the individual. Individual units are subject to changes. It can evolve itself under the control and direction of its form,

Writings of Aristotle:
1. Logic - Organon (organ for acquiring knowledge) which includes
a. Categories
b- Oe interpretations
C Prior and posterior analytics
d. Topics
e. Sophistic fallacies

2. Natural science-
a. 8 books on physics'
b. 4 books in astronomy
c. 2 books on origin and decay
d. 4 books on meteorology"
e. 1 each on cosmology and botany
f. 10 books on history of animals
g. 5 books on origin of animals

3. Psychology - 8 books published on soul - a group of treatises; parva naturalis, including treatises on dreams
4. Metaphysics - he had a series of 14 books under the heading is mete and tephysica.
5. Ethics -10 books on Ethice - Nicomeechaen. Edemia Ethics, Magna moratia,
6. Politics - 8 books on politics, on constitution of Athens
7. Rhetoric - Rhetoric to Theodeclus, Rhetoric to Alexander.
 

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