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 Death in police custody is investigated by Magistrate.
 Precipitin test is used to identify human blood in stains.
 Gelsimium is a spinal cord poison.
 Desferroxamine is antidote used in iron poisoning.
 Spalding's sign is seen in maceration.
 Impotence is inability to perform the sexual act.
 Smack is crude form of heroin.
 Ganja is obtained from flowering tops.
 Stomach may be greenish in poisoning due to nitric acid.
 Lines of Zahn are present in antemortem clots.
 Conium is a peripheral poison.
 Emphysema aqueosum is seen in wet drowning.
 Formication (Magnan's symptom) is seen in cocaine dependence.
 Rigor mortis is simulated by cadaveric spasm.
 Thorn apple is Datura stramonium.
 Dirt collar is seen in fire arm entry wound.
 Apoplexy is cerebral congestion.
 Feminine of impotence is frigidity.
 In oath taking, a medical man does not require to keep his hands on a holy book.
 Thanatology is science that deals with death.
 Number of hours since death is calculated by multiplying the fall in rectal temperature with 0.67.
 Dichotomy is related to splitting of fees.
 Fracture of hyoid bone in a case of strangulation is commonly seen in the greater horn.
 In a fresh case of death due to ventricular fibrillation, heart at postmortem will be flabby.
 Punctate basophilia is seen in lead poisoning.
 Felony is a category of rape, murder or burglary.
 Testamentary capacity is related to will.
 McNaughten was an accused.
 Accepted procedure of first aid for cafe coronary is Heimlich manoeuvre.
 Mode of death from obstruction of air passages from within is anoxic anoxia.
 Brain may be preserved in normal saline or rectified spirit.
 CSF is preserved in poisoning due to alcohol.
 Long bones are preserved inpoisoning due to arsenic, lead or antimony.
 Exhumation is usually done in the early morning.
 In India, Exhumation is done for Mohammadans and Christians.
 Macroscopically and microscopically, there will not be any change to the heart in case of myocardial infarction death up to 8 hours.
 Foamy liver is due to bubbing up of gas.
 Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase level is low in CML.
 The essential lesion of coronary atherosclerosis is found in intima.
 The classical site of ischaemic colitis is splenic flexure.
The rigor mortis disappears in the order of eyelids, neck, thorax, lower lumbs (in the order of appearance).
 Primary relaxation is stage of somatic death.
 After death, the onset of putrefaction is in the stage of secondary relaxation.
 Species of origin of blood is determined by precipitin test.
 It is a criminal offence in India, for a person to drive a motor vehicle after consuming alcohol.
 Dum dum bullet is so called because tip is chiselled off.
 Cyanides mainly affect Cytochrome oxidase.
 In electrocution, death is most often due to ventricular fibrillation.
 Le facies sympathique is seen in hanging.
 The characteristic sign of Korsakoff psychosis is amnesia.
 Aconite is most commonly used as a homicidal poison.
 Alcohol is maximally absorbed from small intestine.
 Absolute alcohol has 99.95% alcohol.
 Visceras obtained from a body due to death from alcoholic intoxication are preserved is suprasaturated saline.
 In strychnine poisoning, rigor mortis sets in early and lasts shortly.
 A short barreled rifle is called carbine.
 The most fragile bone in skull to get fractured is temporal
 The most common type of skull fracture is fissure.
 Rigor mortis sets early in cases with deaths due to apoplexy.
 In cadaveric spasm, stage of primary relaxation is missing.
 Heat stiffening is due to exposure of body to temperature above 75°C.
 The presence of blackening, tatooing and scortching in a shotgun injury indicates distance of fire upto 3 feet.
 Lucid interval is seen in extradural haemorrhage and insanity.
 In forgeries, oxalic acid is used as ink remover solution.
 Pond fracture (of skull) is found in children.
 Blasting effect is usually seen in a firearm injury from point blank range.
 Olive oil is used in stomach wash in carbolic acid poisoning.
 Fracture of middle cranial fossa causes injury to VII and VIII cranial nerves.
 Histologically amyloid deposits always begin intercellularly.
 Ischiopubic index is significantly more in females.
 Unconsciousness occurs immediately after head injury due to concussion.
 A female has more sternal index, ischiopubic index and sciatic notch index.
 Ewings postulates refer to accidents as a cause of death.
 Loss of muscular coordination and staggering gait are seen in patient with blood alcohol concentration of 150-300
 Dinitro compounds poisoning resembles thyrotoxicosis.
 Aconite is known as Sweet poison.
 CuSO4 is antidote of Phosphorus.
 Foder's test compares weight of lungs to the body.
 Diaphanus test denotes that after death, finger webs lose their lusture.
 Gaping of deep incised wound is dependent on cleavage lines of Langer.
 When a patient is injured or dies due to some unintentional act during treatment by a doctor or agent of the doctor or known as therapeutic misadventure.
 Glass blowers shakes are seen with poisoning due to mercury.
 'Run amok' is sometimes seen with cannabis.
 Abrus is viper-like poison.
 Bluish green hypostasis is seen in H2S poisoning
 Marquis test is used in opium poisoning.
 Datura is also known as 'Road poison'.
 Marsh's test and Reinsch test are used in arsenic poisoning.
 Exposure to nickel causes carcinoma nasopharynx.
 Best test for seminal stain is Florence test.
 Fall of a tooth is grievous injury.
 To conduct a postmortem, an authorisation letter is necessary from police officer, magistrate and coroner.
 A consent is invalid of obtained from a person who is intoxicated, insane or under threat.
 In India, exhumation has no time limit.
 Colour changes of putrefaction are first observed in iliac fossa.
 Dipsomania is seen with alcohol.
 Subpoena is a seen kind of document.
 In exhumated bodies, the poison likely to be detected most significantly is arsenic.
 Postmortem in a newborn is done by opening first the abdominal cavity.
 Tests for circulation are Magnus, Diaphanous and Icard's.
 Compressed air is used to fire lead slugs in air rifle.
 Most important sign of defloration is ruptured hymen.
 Cafe coronary occurs when a person is intoxicated.
 Overlying is a type of smothering.
 Death in fresh water in comparison to salt water is earlier.
 Bevelling of inner table of skull is seen in fire arm entry wound.
 In burking, cause of death is traumatic asphyxia.
 Bansdola is a form of homicidal strangulation.
 Convincing proof of burial alive is sand in trachea and bronchi.
 In India. Coroner's courts are held in Bombay.
 Corpus delict deals with body of crime.
 Burking is a name derived from person.
 Bullet is picked up with hands.
 The process which causes the drying up of tissues and internal viscera to a sufficient degree to halt putrefaction is called
 mummification.
 The most important cause of temporary impotence is fear.
 Minimum quantity of blood required to be preserved to mineral poisoning.
 Superimposition is technique most useful for identification from skull.
 Brown atrophy of heart is seen in starvation deaths.
 Most common type of finger impression is loop.
 Lead poisoning is common in children.
 Presence of alveolar duct membrane in foetal autopsies in indicative of live birth.
 The science of finger print was first demonstrated by Francis.
 Karl Pearson formula is used to calculate stature of the individual from long bones.
 Filigree burns are due to lightening.
 The commonest homicidal poison used in India is Arsenic.
 BAL is contraindicated in liver damage.
 KCN is ineffective as a poison if kept for long time, patient takes excess of carbohydrate or suffers from achlorhydria.
 Inquiry into circumstances of death is called inquest report.
 Non-poisonous pure metals are mercury, copper and lead.
 Phossy Jaw is produced by chronic white phosphorus poisoning.
 Ptysalism is seen in copper poisoning.
 Chloral hydrate is also called knockout drops or Micky Finn.
 Chromodacryorrhoea is sometimes preapilated by organophosphorus
 Rape is a cognizable offence.
 To make a positive identification with the help of a partial finger print, the points of similarity should be at least 16.
 The most striking symptoms of pregnancy is cessation of menstruation.
 The most reliable chemical test for blood is benzidine test.
 The position colour of tests for blood are —Benzidine test (Blue), Guiacum test (deep blue), Kastle Meyer test, Leucomalachite test (Peacock blue), Haemin Crystal (dark brown).
 Takayama reagent is used in haemochromogen test.
 Heat stiffening is due to coagulation of albumin.
 Term immerssion foot is used for cases with frost bite.
 Boxer's attitude is seen in persons dying of burns.
 III and IV degree of burns are most painful. •
 Smokeless gun powder is composed of nitrocellulose.
 Gunshot wound is a type of perforated wound.
 Supreme Court is purely an appellate Court.
 Police inquest can be done by a person not below the rank of sub-inspector.
 Haemodilution occurs in fresh water drowning.
 In chronic mercury poisoning, face is first affected.
 Wrist drop and foot drop may be seen in poisoning with lead.
 After taking cyanide, patient first feels numbness in extremities.
 Nux vomica seeds contain 2 alkaloids, strychnine and brucine.
 Lynching is a form of homicidal hanging.
 'Arrow poison' is nux vomical (also called Kuchila).
 Commonest industrial metal poisoning is by lead.
 Haemorrhagic spots are found in poisoning by thallium.
 Amyl nitrate is antidote of cocaine poisoning.
 In sea water drowning, there is steep rise in Na+ and Mg++.
 Cadaveric spasm occurs immediately after death.
 Least common type of finger prints is composite.
 Preauricular sulcus is useful for identification of sex.
 Seminal emission is common in hanging.
 In methyl alcohol poisoning treatment recommended is ethyl alcohol and sodium bicarbonate.
 The presence of fine white leathery froth in mouth indicates drowning.
 Lower end of femur can help to determine the age.
 Resipsa Loquitur means evidence speaks for itself.
 Resorption elution technique is used for detection of blood stains.
 In females, obturator foramen is triangular shaped.
 Absorption of lead is mainly through lung.
 Incised like lacerated wound appears at forehead.
 Medical jurisprudence is the subject concerned with knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine. In a nutshell, it deals with legal aspects of medical practice.
 Crime means a social harm which has been defined and made punishable by law.
 No conduct money is paid in criminal cases, however, provision is made by the Govt under sec. 312 Cr PC for payment of reasonable expenses of an expert witness attending before any criminal court.
 The body is exhumed only when there is a written order issued by 1st class Chief Judicial or Executive magistrate or the Coroner. There is not time limit for exhumation in India.
 Puterfaction is the surest sign of death. The earliest sign is manifested as greenish discoluration in the right ilic fossa.
 Heat stiffening is due to coagulation of albumin and muscle proteins.
 Cold stiffening is due to solidfication of fats when body is exposed to very low temperatures
 Presence of blood stained froth in the air passage and diatoms in internal visceras and bone marrow is considered surest sign of drowning.
 The chief post mortem finding in case of starvation is distended gall bladder.
 Heat exhaustion is caused by dehydration and salt deficiency.
 Presence of soot in the respiratory passage is the surest sign of ante-mortem burn.
 Diatoms resist putrefaction.
 About 1900 cals is the minimum daily dieteic requirement below which manifestations of starvation appear.
 For estimating surface area in burnt patient "Wallace's Rule of Nine" has been employed.
 The Taser Gun is a device for immoblizing vicitims by using electric current without causing death or serious injury.
 In drowning, Paltauf 's haemorrhages are seen subpleurally in the lungs
 Molecular death is more significant medico-legally than somatic death.
 Semen contains more than double quantity of CPK than any other body fluid. Levels over 400 units are almost diagnostic. The enzyme is stable and can be demonstrated as late as 6 months after soiling.
 Hanging is one of the common forms of suicide among men.
 Judicial hanging is the official method of execution of death sentence. The dislocation often takes place between the 2nd & 3rd cervical vertebra.
 Dribbling of saliva is the vital sign of ante-mortem hanging and is due to stimulation of salivary glands by ligature.
 Lynching is homicidal hanging where several persons acting jointly overpower an individual and hang him by means of a rope to a tree or like object.
 Strangulation is almost always homicidal.
 In strangulation, ligature completely encricles the neck horizontally below thyroid cartilage. Injury to carotid arteries common. Bleeding from nose, mouth and ears. Emphysematous patches on lungs are commonly seen during postmortem examination, fracture of hyoid bone commonly occurs in throttling (near the greater cornua).
 Smothering is a form of asphyxia caused by mechanical occlusion of the external air passages viz. the nose and the mouth by hands, cloth or any other material.
 Overylaying or compression suffocation results due to compression of the chest so as to prevent breathing. It is common method of infanticide.
 Burking is a method of homicidal smothering and traumatic asphyxia.
 Drowning is a form of asphyxia due to aspiration of fluid into air passage, caused by submersion in water or other fluid.
 Death ensues rapidly in fresh water than in salt water or sea water.
 The fine froth at the mouth and nose in pathognomonic of drowning.
 Cutis anserina or goose skin has no value as a diagnostic sign of death from drowning. Diatoms test is negative in dead bodies thrown in water or in dry drowning.
 In a typical case of drowning, diatoms are found in brains and bone marrow.
 Drowning is one of the commonest form of suicide amongst females.
 Buccal coitus is Sin of Gomorrah.
 Strychnine poisoning resembles tetanus / epilepsy / hysteria.
 Thallium resembles natural death.
 Exhumation is done: In presence of police officer. In the supervision of Medical Officer. Written order from 1st class Magistrate or coroner.
 Most common mode of death in strangulation is Asphyxia.
 The common mode of choking is Accidental.
 Caffey syndrome is Battered baby syndrome.
 In judicial hanging, fracture/dislocation of the vertebrae at the level of C3 and C4 vertebra.
 In Asphyxia, the place where the Tardieu spots occur in lung is interlobar fissures. Forensic thanatology deals with Medicolegal study of death.
 In dental fluorosis, the teeth are characterised by mottled enamel.
 Wreden's test—for deleting the presence of air in middle ear for determining live birth or dead foetus.
 The rules for criminal responsibility of Insane:
      Mc Naughten's rule
      Durham's rule
      Current's rule
 Blood group of Parents, Child group possible:
 OxO i.e 00x00 = 0
 A x B i.e OA x OB = O, A, B, AB. All are possible
 OxA i.e OOxOA = O, A.
 Macerated body of a foetus indicates—dead-born.
 Cadaveric spasm (Instantaneous rigor) affects voluntary muscles only.
 The most dependent means of identification of persons is finger prints.
 If a person survives after giving dying declaration, it can be used as corroborative evidence.
 Paraffin test or dermal nitrate test detects Gunpowder residue on hands.
 Knockout agents: Chloral hydrate, Potassium bromide
 Saturday night paralysis due to pressure on the Radial nerve.
 Leading questions are permissible in cross-examination.
 Preservation used to preserve the urine for chemical analysis is Thymol crystals.
 In Arsenic poisoning, putrefaction is delayed.
 Arsenic is employed for embalming of Cadaver.
 Subendocardial haemorrhages in Arsenic poisoning.
 The poison which is found in maximum quantities in various organs in Postmortem is —Arsenic.
 Poisoning resembling fading measles — Arsenic.
 Optic atrophy occurs in Methyl Alcohol poisoning.
 Minimum Alcohol consumed by person, estimated by — Widmarks formula.
 Widmark's formula, to determine — Quantity of Alcohol consumed.
 The preservative used for viscera in Alcohol poisoning—Saturated sodium chloride solution.
 Barbiturates increase the toxicity of Alcohol by Synergism.
 Methylated spirit contains—95% Rectified spirit and 5% Methyl alcohol.
 The common preservative for viscera—Rectified spirit
 The organs that resist putrefaction—uterus (Non pregnant); Prostate.
 The poisons which Resist putrefaction—Arsenic, Edrin, Datura, Strychnine.
 Thick and leathery stomach wall in —Phenol poisoning.
 Ochronosis (Pigmentation of skin and cartilages) in — Phenol poisoning.
 In Phenol poisoning —Urine is green coloured.
 Delicate and reliable test for Blood stains—Takayama's test (Hemochromogen crystal test).
 Teichman test for blood stains is —Haemin Crystal test.
 Extremely delicate test for Blood stains—Phenophthalein test (Kastle-Mayer test).
 The best test for Blood stains—Chromatography absorption spectroscopy.
 Leukomalachite green test is a chemical test for —Blood.
 In severe burns, remnant indicative of Male sex—Inguinal canal.
 Carbonaceous soot particles in Respiratory tract suggesive of—Antemortem burns.
 Lichetenberg's flowers or filigree burns or Arborescent markings is seen in Lightening.
 In chemical burns by Corrosives—Vesication does not occur.
 Paltauf's haemorrhages (usually in lower lobes of lungs) in —Drowning.
 Immersion syndrome is due to—Vagal inhibition
 Froth may be absent in case of death due to — Dry drowning.
 The specimen used for Diatom's test—Sternal bone marrow.
 Salt water drowning —Increased.
 Postmortem staining:
     Usually mistaken for —Contusion.
     Can occur before death in —Cholera.
 Hypostasis or cadaveric lividity — Postmortem staining.
 Purple colour in —Asphyxia.
 Blue green colur in —Hydrogen sulphide poisoning.
 Blue vitreol—Copper sulfate.
 Verdigris—Copper subacetate.
 Green line on the gums in —Copper poisoning.
 Most potent of all preparations of cannabis is —Charas.
 Stomach wash in opium poisoning, done with —Potassium permanganate.
 In opium poisoning, there is loss of all secretions except sweat.
 In opium poisoning, atropine is contraindicated.
 Methaemoglobinaemia is caused by poisoning due to Nitrates.
 Antidote used in common types of poisonous shakes, in India includes polyvalent antisnake venom.
 Viperbite like poison—Abrus.
 Sea snake venom—Myotoxic.
 Diwali poisons are —Mercury, phosphorous.
 Nephrotoxic poisons—Phenol, Oxalicacid, Mercury.
 Blotting paper like stomach in sulphuric acid poisoning.
 Sodium nitrate looks and tastes like common salt.
 Tingling of skin and tongue by Aconite poisoning.
 Tannic acid precipitates alkaloids.
 Physiological antidote produce symptoms opposite to those of poison is:
   Atropine—Physostigmine
   Cyanide—Amyl nitrite
   Strychnine—Barbiturate
 In phosphorous poisoning, avoid oil and fats as they increase absorption.
 In Endrin poisoning, the pupils are dilated.
 Albumin helps to precipitate in Mercury poisoning.
 Lead poisoning, causes constipation.
 In Potassium permanganate poisoning, lesions resemble Tertiary syphilis.
 Symptoms of Abrus precautorius poisoning resemble viperine snake bite.
 Cocaine acts as an Aphrodisiac.
 Charas is known as Hashish.
 In treatment of Nuxvomica poisoning, most important is I.V. injection of Barbiturates.
 Pupils show alternate contraction and dilatation in Aconite poisoning.
 Charcoal acts as a mechanical Antidote.
 Potassium ferrocyanide solution is used as gastric lavage solution of poisoning due to copper sulphate.
 Skin and mucous membranes are colored yellow in poisoning due to nitric acid.
 Delayed poisoning by oxalic acid is characterised by —Uraemia.
 Large amount of water is contraindicated in —Oxalic acid poisoning.
 Hypocalcemia can occur in —Oxalic acid poisoning.
 Hypocalcemia can occur in —Oxalic acid poisoning.
 Oxalic acid resembles—Magnesium sulfate.
 Coffee ground vomitus is seen in Oxalic acid poisoning.
 Datura seeds look like—Brinjal seeds capsicum seeds or Tomato seeds.
 Physiological antidote for Datura poisoning—Pilocarpine
 Stupefying poison—Datura.
 Road poison—Datura.
 If a person survives after giving dying declaration, it can be used as corroborative evidence
 Arsenic is employed for embalming of Cadaver
 Subendocardial haemorrhages are seen in Arsenic poisoning
 The poison which is found in maximum quantities in various organs in Postmortem is - Arsenic
 Poisoning resembling fading measles - Arsenic
 The preservative used for viscera in Alcohol poisoning - Saturated sodium chloride solution
 Barbiturates increase the toxicity of Alcohol by Synergism
 Methylated spirit contains 95% Rectified spirit and 5% Methyl alcohol
 The poisons which Resist putrefaction are— Arsenic, Edrin, Datura, Strychnine
 Thick and leathery stomach wall is seen in Phenol poisoning
 Ochronosis (Pigmentation of skin and cartilages) is seen in Phenol poisoning
 Extremely delicate test for Blood stains - Phenophthalein test ('Kastle-Mayer test).
 The best test for Blood stains is Chromatography absorption spectroscopy
 In severe burns, remnant indicative of Male sex is inguinal canal
 Lichetenberg's flowers or filigree burns or Arborescent markings are seen in Lightening
 In chemical burns by Corrosives Vesication does not occur
 Immersion syndrome is due to Dry drowning
 Rule of House is used for calculating age of the fetus-
 PM staining usually mistaken for -Contusion
 PM staining can occur before death in - Cholera
 Most potent of ail preparations of cannabis is Charas
 Amenorrhoea and infertility can occur in Chronic lead poisoning
 If a person is absent from his usual haunts, and has not been heard for at least 7 years, he is presumed to be dead
 In opium poisoning there is loss of all secretions except sweat
 In opium poisoning, atropine is contraindicated
 Strongest corrosive poison is sulphuric acid
 Antidote used in common types of poisonous snakes in India includes polyvalent antisnake venom
 Viperbite like poison is Abrus
 Sea snake venom is Myotoxic
 Diwali poisons are - Mercury, phosphorus
 Blotting paper like stomach is seen in sulphuric acid poisoning
 Spinal poisoning may be mistaken commonly for Tetanus
 Sodium nitrate looks and tastes like common salt
 Tingling of skin and tongue is seen in Aconite poisoning
 In phosphorous poisoning, avoid oil and fats as they increase absorption
 In Endrin poisoning, the pupils are dilated
 Albumin helps to precipitate poison in Mercury poisoning
 Lead poisoning causes constipation
 In Potassium permanganate poisoning, lesions resemble Tertiary syphilis
 Cocaine acts as an Aphrodisiac
 In treatment of Nux vomica poisoning, most important is I.V. injection Barbiturates
 Pupils show alternate contraction and dilatation in Aconite poisoning
 Charcoal acts as a mechanical antidote.
 Delayed poisoning by oxalic acid is characterised by Uraemia Large amount of water is contraindicated in Oxalic acid poisoning Hypocalcemia can occur in Oxalic acid poisoning
 Coffee ground vomitus is seen in Oxalic acid poisoning
 Datura seeds look like- Brinjal seeds, capsicum seeds or Tomato seed
 Antidote for chlorpyriphos poisoning is. PAM.
 Prussian blue is used in poisoning by thallium.
 In gastric lavage, tube is passed upto 50 cm mark
 Oleander causes heart block
 Puppe's rule is used for bullet injuries
 Wredin's test detects changes in middle ear
 Rain drop pigmentation of skin is seen is arsenic poisoning
 Algor mortis refers to cooling of body
 American Law Institute Test is related to criminal responsibility
 Poroscopy was described by Locard
 Burrowed servant doctrine is related to vicarious liability
 Wax-drippings or bone pearls are due to thermal injuries
 Lichtenberg's flowers refers to Filigree burns
 Cutis anserina is due to exector pilae
 Cupping' is a method of criminal abortion
 Crocodile flash burns are due to antemortem electric burns
 Hospital providing defective equipment or drugs is causing Corporate, negligence Contusion collar is a proof of Gun shot entrance
 In 'Commando punch', injury usually occur in neck
 Blast lung is seen due to air explosion Thereapeutic orphans result due to experimentation
 Thee name hatters shake is given because it is common in hat making industry
 Trotter and Glesser's formulae are used for estimating stature
 Rachiotomy saw is used to remove spinal cord
 In cases of increased intracranial pressure, Kernhan's notch is seen on midbrain
 In artificial insemination of Donor without husband's consent, if the legal presumption of legitimacy be rebutted, parental rights will be vested in mother only
 Agonal period is period between lethal occurrence and death
 K master is responsible for the faults of his servants is known as Vicarious liability, Biliard ball ricochet effect is seen in firearm injuries
 Cavett test is used for determing blood alcohol
 Dactylography was first used in India by Sir W. Herschel
 Huffling is common solvent abuse
 Sewer gas contains CO2, methane and H25
 Stomach-bowel test' is used for knowing if infant respiration occurred
 ‘Swallow tails’ are seen in lacerated wound
 Most common type of abrasions of grazes
 Osteometric board is used to estimate stature
 Skull is square in Mongolians
 In human head hair, bar bodies are found in hair follicles in a proportion of 29± 5% in females and 6+2% males
 Curator bonis is person appointed to manage the affairs of mentally incompetent
 "Crib deaths' are due to asphyxia
 Commoriants' literally means dying together
 For identification, palatoprints are taken from anterior part
 Pink teeth are seen in death due to asphyxia
 The order of appearance of rigor mortis follows Nysten's law
 Postmortem lividity in a case of hanging is most prominent over lower extremities
 Postmortem staining of a dead body lying undisturbed persists till it merges with discolouration of putrefaction
 Bleeding from nostrils, mouth and ears is relatively common in strangulation
 Contre coup injury is seen in brain
 In deep incised wounds, Langer's lines determine gaping
 Mugging by definition is homicidal
 Ligature mark in hanging is an example of imprint abrasion
 Immediate cause of death in burns is neurogenic shock
 Common cause of death in crush syndrome is acute renal failure
 Abrasion is seen in injury with rifled arm
 Spermin in semen is detected by Barberio test
 The impotent quoad is impotent to a particular woman
 Seminal fluid choline originates from Leydig cell
 To establish diagnosis of feigned insanity, the person can be observed for a maximum period of 30 days
 Incessant sexual desire is known as satyriasis
 Dhatura poisoning is due to intake of seeds
 Mercury damages glomeruli and renal tubules
 Cyanide poisoning kit contains amyl nitrite, Sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate
 Chromolachryorrhoea in organophosphorus poisoning is due to porphyrin
 A green line in gums in copper poisoning is Clepten line
 In Eonism, there is cross dressing
 Garrotting is used as a method of execution in some countries
 Tardieu spots are numberous in thymus, AV junction and conjunctiva
 In body packer syndrome, person dies of abused drug overdose
 In drowning, emphysema aquosum is seen in 80% cases
 In embalming fluid, the concentration of formaldehyde and methyl alcohol are 40% and 10% respectively
 Emmenagogues are used for criminal abortion
 McNaughten rule has been included in India in section 84 of IPC
 Hydrocution is another term for immersion syndrome
 Diminished responsibility is a term used for borderline mental state
 Minisatellite or stutters are terms used for DNA finger printing
 Section 312 IPC is related to abortion
 Sankya or somalkhar is a compound of lead
 The compounds used for taking finger prints are French chalk, lead carbonate and mercury
 'Central pocket loop' is a variety of Composite finger print
 Reaction phenomenon is seen drowning
 Alcoholic palimpsests are a type of blackout
 Arsenic poisoning may lead to thrombocytopenia, leukemia and BM suppression
 In arsenic poisoning, bands of opacity in finger nails are called Aldrich-Mees lines
 Affiliation cases are related to paternity dispute
 Kennedy phenomenon results due to surgical alteration
 Incineration, dismembement and advanced putrefaction are methods of effacement of identity
 Moletova cocktail is a bomb
 Medullary index is used to determine sex
 Harrison and Gilroy test is used for firearm injury
 After respiration, the weight of lungs increases by about 30 gm
 The most characteristic defence injuries are those sustained during an attack by knife
 Ploucquet's test is used to estimate live birth
 Weight of pineal gland is 0.1 to 0.2 gm
 In smothering, there is abrasion on the inner side of upper lip
 Death during anaesthesia, D.C. to be written by anaesthesist
 Privileged communication may be used by a doctor to blackmail his patients
 Repeated intentional advertisement by a doctor in newspaper is professional misconduct
 Oath taking in the court is court formality
 The inquiry into the circumstances of death is inquest report
 16 years age of female is an age to give valid consent for lawful sexual intercourse
 Age of consent for medical examination is after eruption of III molar
 Fragmentary medulla is seen in Negroid
 For saliva, test used is alpha amylase test
 Rule of Haase is used for estimation of foetal age
 Wilson's classification is used to classify burns
 Drugs interfering in blood grouping are barbiturate, aspirin and heparin
 Phenol also retards putrefaction
 In strangulation, neck muscle rupture is common
 In fresh water poisoning, there may be hyperkalemia, hemolysis and ventricular fibrillation
 Brain stem death occurs in encephalomyelitis
 Postmortem examination is done for all organ of the body

Historical milestones
Code of Hammurabi—oldest known medico-legal code.
Hippocrates (father of Medicine)
—discussed lethality of wounds
— formulated medical ethics.
Manu law's — medical ethics— many sexual matters — most scientifically discussed. Justinian code
—regulated the practice of medicine & surgery.
— established the function of the medical expert for legal procedure.
Bartolomeo De Varignana — first medicolegal autopsy done by him in Italy.
Paulus Zacchias — written "medico-legal questions", questions Medico legalis." Fortunato Fedele—written first book on Forensic medicne.
Orfil—considered as father of Modern Toxicology.
a. In the 18th century, study in legal Medicine as a subject was established by appointing professorship in Germany.
b. In England Me Naughten's (who was aschizophrenic) rule has been established to deal with legal matters in cases of insanity or like situations whatsoever

Sec 118 IPC—Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or improsonment for life.
Sec 176, IPC—Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it.
Sec 177 IPC—Furnishing false information.
Sec 182 IPC—False information with intent to cause public servant to use lawful power to the injury of another person. .--Sec 191 IPC—Giving false evidence
Sec 192 IPC—Fabricating false evidence.
Sec 193 IPC—Punishment for false evidence.
Sec 194 IPC—Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence.
Sec 195 IPC — Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or imprisonment.
Sec 197 IPC—Issuing or signing false certificates.
Sec 201 IPC—Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offenders.
Sec 203 IPC—Giving false information respecting an offence committed.
Sec 204 IPC—Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidence.
Sec 284 IPC —Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substances.
Sec 304 IPC—Causing death by negligence.
Sec 309 IPC—Attempt to commit suicide
Sec 313 IPC—Causing miscarriage without woman's consent.
Sec 318 IPC—Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
Sec 319 IPC—Hurt.
Sec 320 IPC—Grievous hurt.
Sec 351 IPC—Assault.
Sec 362 IPC—Abduction.
Sec 375 IPC —Rape.
Sec 376 IPC—Punishment for rape.
Sec 377 IPC—Unnatural offences.
Sec 497 IPC—Adultery.
Sec 39 Cr. P.C—Every person, aware of the commission of or of the intention of any other person to commit any offence is punishable under I.P.C. shall forthwith give information to the nearest magistrate of police officer of such commission or intention.
Sec 84 IPC—Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act or what he is doing is either wrong or contrary to law.
Confabulation—Pathological loss of memory, e.g. — Korsakoff s psychosis. — Early stages of dementia.

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