|
Ø
Rudolf Virchow is known as the Father of Modern Pathology
Ø
World’s A day was celebrated on December!, 1989
Ø
Deletion of long arm of chromosome 13 in — Retinoblastoma.
Ø
Loss
of chromosome 22 n — Meningioma.
Ø
8-
14 Chromosomal translocation in — Burkitis lymphoma.
Ø
Normal nuclear cytoplasmic ratio is 1:4.
Ø
Cancer suppressor genes are located on chromosomes 13 and 11
Ø
Glycoprotein that acts as tumor marker for colon cancer and
pancreatic cancer is CA-19-9
Ø
In
CEA positive colon cancers, the period after which elevated
levels of CEA indicate residual disease s 6 weeks.
Ø
Marker for Ca breast is CA-i5-3.
Ø
Schwannomas are associated with somatic mutations in gene
NF-1.
Ø
Total coagulative necrosis in M w loss of nuclei is not apparent
until about 72 hours.
Ø
Retinoblastoma is associated with deletion in Chromosome 13.
Ø
After initial acute attack, chronic RED appears at least after
10 years.
Ø
‘Wedge shaped’ infiltrates on X-ray are diagnostic of pulmonary
infarction. It appears 12-36 hours after.
Ø
Length of oesophagus in newborn is 10 cm .
Ø
Toxic injury of liver affects most often Zone 1.
Ø
Macronodular cirrhosis is considered once nodule is greater than
3 mm.
Ø
The
oncogene amplified in Down’s syndrome leading to mental
retardation is Ets-2.b
Ø
The
percentage of total cholesterol that freely circulates in plasma
is 7%.
Ø
For
teratogenesis, peak sensitivity during embryonic period is 4-5
week.
Ø
DNA
sequence in any two persons reveal variation in one nucleotide
for every 200-500 nucleotides.
Ø
Thè
perinatal infection to erythroid precursor in bone marrow is
Parvovirus C-19.
Ø
In a
newborn with normal surfactant production, the residual volume
retained by kings after first breath is 40%.
Ø
Normal human deploid fibroblasts stop proliferating in culture
after 5O doublings
Ø
Gaucher’s cells are glucocorebroside filled cells measuring
20-1OO mm,-and are fat negative
Ø
Glucogonomas arise from the Alpha -cells of the pancreatic
islets
Ø
Craniopharyngiomas are tumors that arise from remnants of
Rathke’s pouch.
Ø
The
21-hydroxylase deficiency is most commonly found form of the
adrenogenital syndrome.
Ø
Malignant hypertension is microscopically characterized by
fibrinoid necrosis of arteriolar wall
Ø
The
most common site for intestinal amoebiasis is caecum
Ø
Fibrosis is evident by light microscopic examination when a
thrombus is more than one week old.
Ø
Both
systemic and pulmonary embolism is seen in septal infarction.
Ø
The
commonest malignancy seen in immune deficiency state is
lymphoreticular malignancy.
Ø
Pseudomyxoma peritonei is seen with mucus secreting ovarian
carcinoma.
Ø
The
most common complication of infective endocarditis is
thromboembolism.
Ø
The
commonest site for amyloid deposition in intestine is colon.
Ø
Villous atrophy is diagnostic of coeliac disease.
Ø
The
thyroid cancer most frequently metastasises to lymph nodes is
papillary.
Ø
Alzheiniers disease is degenerative disease which typically
shows progressive atrophy of the brain particular the frontal,
parietnal occipital cortex.
Ø
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) are familial disorders with
autosomal dominant mode of transmission
Ø
MEN
11 syndrome is characterized by the occurrence of medullary
carcinoma thyroid. pheochromocytomas and parathyroid
hyperplasia.
Ø
Affection of terminal ileum in Crohns disease is called as back
wash ileitis?
Ø
Ulcerative colitis is primarily a disease of mucosa.
Ø
The
most common lesion in Wernicke’s encephalopathy is found in the
mamillary bodies.
Ø
The
lesion of atherosclerosis occurs mainly in abdominal aorta.
Ø
A
tumor arising from hum scar is most likely squamous cell
carcinoma.
Ø
Duct
papilloma is the commonest cause of blood stained nipple
discharge.
Ø
Thyroid appearance of renal tubules is considered pathognomonic
of chronic pyelonephritis.
Ø
Periglomerular fibrosis is considered typical of chronic
pyelonephritis.
Ø
A
reliable screening test for platelet function is clot retraction
test.
Ø
Exposure to vinyl chloride may develop angiosarcoma of liver.
Ø
Haematuria is characteristically seen in proliferative
glomerulonephritis.
Ø
‘Russel bodies are seen in plasma cells.
Ø
The
cells most sensitive to ischaemia is cortical neurons.
Ø
Keloids predominantly consist of dense collagen fibres.
Ø
The
epithelial cells of tubercle are derived from monocytes.
Ø
Rosette formation is characteristically seen in Retinoblastoma.
Ø
Laminin is the most abundant glycoprotein in the basement
membranes
Ø
Chancroid is also called “ulcus molle.’
Ø
Lipoid nephrosis of the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome
in childhood.
Ø
Budd-chiari syndrome is produced by occlusive lesions of the
Hepatic veins.
Ø
Glomeruloid bodies or Schiller-Duval bodies, are commonly found
in endodermal sinus tumour.
Ø
K.W
syndrome comprises diabetes mellitus, hypertension, albuminuria
and edema.
Ø
Monodermal teratomas are very uncommon and most frequently take
the forms of struma ovarii or carcinoids. .
Ø
Nodular melanoma is the most aggressive type of melanoma and
hence carries the worst prognosis.
v
“Lafora
syndrome” is a progressive familial myoclonic degenerative
disease affecting predominantly the basal ganglia, most patients
dying by the age of 30 years.
v
Lutembacher’s disease consist of a combination of an atrial
septal defect and mitral stenosis
v
Almost all lysosomal storage diseases are transmitted as
autosomal recessive genes.
v
Philadelphia chromosome (ph) is identifiable in more than 90% of
patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia.
v
Patients with ph-negative CML respond poorly to chemotherapy and
have shorter survival than those with ph-positive CML
v
Chloromas are tumorous masses of acute myeloblastic
leukaemia.
v
Auer
rods are abnormal lysosomal structures visualized as reddish
rods in myeloblasts and promyelocytes.
v
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland arises from
parafollicular “c’ cells.
v
Achalasia of esophagus is associated with “Chagas’ disease.
v
Hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes after u and is due to
cytotoxic complement dependent. pre existing antibodies in the
host.
v
Papillary carcinoma is the most common malignancy of thyroid.
v
Aschoff bodies are pathognomonic of rheumatic carditis.
v
Most
carcinomas of pancreas originate from the epithelial cells
lining the ducts and are most often located in the head
v
Most
breast tumors originate in the ducts and have the histologic
appearance of infiltrating duct carcinoma.
v
The
serum TSH is the most sensitive indicator of primary
hypothyroidism
v
Mixed tumors e.g.mixoid parotid tumour
v
Teratomas arise from totipotential cells that retain the ability
to form endodermal, ectodermal, ectodermal and mesenchymal
tissue. Such tumors are found in testis and ovary.
v
Two
non-neoplastic lesions simulating tumours.
v
Choristomas Ectopic, sometimes nodular, rests of non transformed
tissues (e.g Pancreatic cells under of the small bowel mucosa).
v
Hamartomas Malformations that present as a mass of disorganized
tissue indigenous to the particular site (i.e. a hamartomatous
nodule in the lung may contain islands of cartilage, bronchi,
and blood (vessels).
v
Metastasis is the single most important feature distinguishing
benign from malignant turnouts. Exception being I. Brain
tuinours 2.Basal cell carcinoma of skin
v
Grading is based on the degree of differentiation and the number
of mitoses within the tumour. Cancers are classified as grades
v
1
nto IV with increasing anaplasia.
v
Staging is based on the anatomic extent of the tumour. Two
methods of staging are in use now-a-days. .TNM (Tumour, Node &
metastases). 2. AJC (American joint committee).
v
In
Philadelphia chromosome a reciprocal balanced translocation
between chromosomes 22 and usually 9(9, 22)is seen in more than
90% of cases of CML.
v
In
more than 90% of cases of Burkiti’s lymphoma at (8; 14)
translocation is present.
v
Deletion of chromosome 13, band q 14 is associated with
retinoblastoma.
v
Deletion of chromosome II band q 13. is associated with
Wilm’s tumour.
v
Gene
amplification associated with cytogeneüc changes is best
exemplified by neuroblastomas
v
Cancers of lung, colon and prostate are the leading causes of
cancer deaths in males while in females lung, breast and colon
cancers are morn common.
v
Japanese are prone to develop gastric cancer
v
In
xeroderma pigmentosum, affected patients develop Ca skip in
areas exposed to the ultraviolet light.
v
Clinical conditions
associated
with increased risk of developing cancers.
v
Cinhosis of liver—hepatocellular Ca.
v
Atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia—stomach cancers.
v
Chronic ulcerative colitis—Ca colon.
v
Leukoplakia (oral/genital mucosa)—squamous cell carcinoma
v
Villous adenoma colon—colonic Ca.
Carcinogenic chemicals.
v
Alkylating agents e.g. cyclophosphamide and Busulphan induced
cancer.
v
Aromatic hydrocarbons present in cigarette smoke induces lung
cancer.
v
Azodyes ( naphthylamines) induces bladder cancer
v
4..
Aflatoxin BI—hepato cellular carcinoma
v
Nitrosamines and amides—gastric cancer.
v
Asbestos—mesotheloma
v
Vinyl chloride—angiosarcoma
v
Saccharin & cyclamates—bladder cancer promoter,
v
Oestrogen—endometrial carcinoma.
v
Radiation carcinogenesis
v
UVR—Carcinoma
& Melanoma
v
Ionizing radiation
o
Miners f radioactive ores have an increased risk of lung cancer.
o
Increased risk of leukaemia in atomic bomb survivors in Japan.
o
Therapeutic radiation of the neck in children has been associate
with the later development of thyroid cancer (papillary).
v
Note:
In man there is a hierarchy of vulnerability of radiation
induced neoplasms;
o
Most
common are myeloid leukaemias, followed by thyroid cancer in
children.
o
Cancer of the breast and lung are less commonly radiation
induced.
v
i
Skin, bone and gut are least susceptible to radiation to cause
cancer lies in their ability to induce mutations. Paniculate
radiations (alpha & beta Neutrons) are more carcinogenic than
electromagnetic radiation (X-rays. gama Viral oncogenesis)
v
Causes of cachexia in cancer.
v
•
Loss of appetite
v
•
Infections due to immunosuppression
v
.
Bleeding froth ulcerative lesions
v
•
Production of cachectin (TNE-a) by activated macrophages
v
(cachectin
moblilizes body fat).
v
Paraneoplastic syndromes It may be the earliest clinical
manifestation of a neoplasm and may mimic distant spread. The
most common syndromes are
v
a.Endocrinopathies -ectopic hormone production—(ACTH)
v
b.Hypercalcemia (PTH like peptide)
o
Squamous cell carcinoma lung
o
T
cell leukemias or lymphomas.
v
Note—Cancer associated hypercalcemia also results from
osteolysis induced by bony metastases.
v
c.
Acanthosis nigricans—Verrucous pigmented lesion of skin is
frequently associated with visceral malignancy.
v
d.
Clubbing of fingers and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are
associated with lung cancers. e. Thromhotic diatheses resulting
from production of thromboplastic substances by tumour cells may
manifest as m or as vegetations in non-bacterial thrombotic
endocarditis.
v
Heart failure cells
are seen in pulmonary edema.
v
In
the development of these cells, the initial pulmonary edema (due
to LVF) leads to dilatation of intra-alveolar capillaries which
in turn rupture. The minute intra-alveolar haemorrhages
breakdown and phagocytosis of red blood cells leads to the
formation of haemosiderin laden macrophages which are termed
Heart Failure Cells.
v
Brown Induration of Lung—Name given to firm, heavy, dark brown
appearance of Lungs due to long standing pulmonary congestion
e.g. in mitral stenosis or CHF.
v
Nut-Meg Liver—A descriptive term for congestive red-blue central
region of a lobule in liver parenchyma, surrounded by a zone of
uncongested liver substance-due to CPC liver conditions
associated.
v
•
Right Heart Failure
v
•
Obstruction to IVC
v
•
Obstruction to hepatic vein less common
v
Organs Affected in Generalised Primary Amyloidosis
v
I.Heart 5. Tongue
v
2.Kidney 6.Larynx
v
3.Intestine 7.Skin etc.
v
Skeletal muscles
Staining
reaction of amyloid material
§
Iodine gives brown- colour and I2 followed by H2S04 gives blue
colour Congo red -red
§
Methyl violet—rose red while other tissue becomes blue (metachromatic
stain).
§
Von-Gieson’s
stain—Khaki shade
§
PAS
stain—red.
§
Iodide green—(metachromatic stain)—violet red other stained
green.
§
H- &
E stain—faintly eosinstained homogenous material.
§
Fluorescent dyes—to demonstrate amyloid in juxta glomerular area
of kidney.
§
Immunohistological stain—to distinguish between AL and AA.
Predisposing
factor for secondary amyloidosis. 1. TB of lungs, bone, joints
etc
§
1
Chronic suppuration in lungs, bones and joints etc.
§
2.
Syphilis
§
Rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis.
§
Ulcerative colitis, Hodgkin’s disease.
§
Advanced malignancy.
§
Hansen’s disease (leprosy).
Lab
diagnosis of amyloidosis
§
Congo red test
§
Rectal mucosa biopsy.
§
Gingival biopsy.
§
Biopsy of bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidney and intestine.
§
Peripheral smear examination.
§
Serum and urinary protein by immuno-electrophoresis.
§
Demonstration of Bence-Jones protein.
§
Demonstration of calcitonin.
§
Note
Amyloid can be differentiated from hyaline connective tissue by
its characteristic staining with Congo red, with which it
appears red and shows apple-green bipolar refringence. Aschoff
bodies are found in, Heart, Synovia of joints, Joint capsules,
Tendons (Extensor aspect), Subacutaneous tissues.
§
Diagnosis of Acute Ml
§
ECO—Presence of pathologic Q-waves usually indicates transmural
MI Also present are ST-Segment and T wave changes with alone
indicate subendocardial infarct.
§
lsoenzyrne studies
§
MB
isoenzyme of creatinine Kinase-highly specific and sensitive
marker for MI, Elevated within 48-72 his, of M and peaks at
12-24 hours after Ml.
§
SGOT
levels—begin to rise in 8 hrs after MI and peak at 18 to 36
hours to return to baseline within 3 to 4 days
§
Lactic dehydrogenase—Begins to rise 24 hours after Ml, peaks in
3 to 6 days and returns to normal only after two weeks
§
Most
sensitive is LDH I: LDH 2 ratio which in inverted in MI.
§
Ring
granuloma in —Q-fever.
§
The
main feature of rapidly progressive giomenilonephritis—Epithelial
crescents.
§
The
Tram track (Thickened or split) basement membrane in —Membrano-prolitèrative
glomerulonephritis.
§
Thyroldisation of Renal tubules (Atrophic tubules with casts) in
—Chronic pyelonephritis.
§
Periglomemlar fibrosis
in —Chronic pyelonephritis
§
Michaelis Gutman bodies (Giant cells containing calcium and Iron
inclusion) in Melakoplakia of urinary body (a variant of
cystitis).
§
Nebothian follicle in — Chronic Cervicitis.
§
Flea
bitten kidney —Focal Globerulonephritis.
§
Onion skin appearance of spleen in—SLE.
§
Hurthle cells in — Hashimatos thyroiditis.
§
Lipofusein — wear and tear pigment.
§
Karyorrhexia — Nuclear fragmentation.
§
Hassel’s corpuscles in —Thymus.
§
In
oncocytoma, the oncocytes have sac like mitochondria.
§
Left
ventricular hypertrophy is said to present when the thickness of
left ventricular wall is more than 15mm.
§
Melanin like pigment in liver is — Dubin Johnson syndrome.
Psammoma
Bodies in:
§
•Psammomatous
Meningioma.
§
•Papillary carcinoma of Thyroid.
§
•Pupillary
serous cystadenoma of ovary.
§
Libman Sacks endocarditis in —SLE.
§
Amyloidosis is also known as — Beta fibrillosis.
§
Durck’s granulomas am seen in — Malaria.
§
Lepra cells encountered in —Lepromatous lepmsy.
§
Microscopical]y, normal cells or tissues present in abnormal
locations are referred to as Choristoma.
§
Hyaline material consists of—Precipitated plasma proteins.
§
Glycogen can be confirmed by PAS stain.
§
Flame cells seen in — Multiple myeloma.
§
Mc
Callums patch is found in — Left Atrium.
§
Melanin can be stained with Fontana stain.
§
Bilirubin an be confirmed by —Hall’s stain.
§
Hemosiderin
is golden
yellow in colour.
§
Heart failure cells are seen in lungs, in profound anemia, fatty
change in heart is —‘Thush breast or Tigered effect,
§
In
all organs, fatty change appears as Clear Vacuoles within
parenchymal cells. Fatty in growth, fatly change appears as
Clear Vacuoles within parenchymal cells.
§
Fatty in growth is most commonly encountered in Heart and
Pancreas.
§
Fat
can be stained with —Sudan IV or Oil Red-O.
§
Glycogen stained by — Bests Carmine or FAS reaction.
§
The
most common exogenous pigment is — Carbon or coal dust.
§
Lipofuscin is — Insoluble pigment. also known as Lipochrome.
§
The
tell tale sign of free radical injury and Lipid peroxidation -
Lipofuscin.
§
Homogentisic acid is a — Black pigment, occurs in Alkaptonuria.
§
Lipofuscin is seen in cells undergoing slow, regressive changes,
and is particularly prominent in Liver and heart of ageing or
patients or patients with severe malnutrition and cancer
cacehxia.
§
Lipofuscin
is usually
accompanied by — Organ shrinkage (Brown Atrophy).
§
Hemosiderin is derived fro Hemoglobin.
§
In
Fenton reaction, Hydroxyl Radicals are generated by interaction
of Hydrogen peroxide with Transitional metals like Iron, Copper.
§
The
major antioxidant enzymes are — Superoxide dismutase, catalase,
Glutathione peroxidase.
§
Cells sometimes respond to infection with Measles or herpes
virus by the formation of Syncytial or multinucleate giant
cells, caused by cell to cell fusion.
§
Certain virus infected cells develop inclusion bodies which
contain — Virions or viral proteins in nuclei or cytoplasm.
§
Mitochondrial swelling is the first manifestation of almost all
forms of injury to cells.
§
The
dead cells usually shows increased eosinophilia.
§
Necrosis is the sum of the morphological changes that follow
cell death in a living tissue or organ.
§
Apoptosis—Morphological pattern of cell death.
§
The
earliest observed ultrastructural change in necrosis cell —A
reversible clumping of the chromatin to create large aggregates
attached to the nuclear membrane and to the nucleolus.
§
Pyknosis—Progressive shrinking of nucleus and becomes
transformed to a small, dense mass of tightly packed chromatin.
§
Karyolysis—Dissolution of chromatin.
§
Karyorrhexis—Nucleus break into many clumps (Fragmented
nucleus).
§
Acidophil or Councilman body seen in the liver in —Toxic or
viral hepatitis.
§
The
most common pattern of necrosis — Coagulation necrosis.
§
In
Coagulation necrosis—Basic cellular shape is preserved with loss
of nucleus.
§
Coagulation necrosis most commonly results from sudden severe
ischaemia of organ such as
§
—Kidney, Heart, Adrenal gland.
§
Liquefaction necrosis is from the action of —Hydrolytic enzyme.
§
The
liquefaction necrosis pattern is characteristic of—ischemic
destruction of Brain tissue.
§
Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and
liquefactive necrosis.
§
Caseous necrosis is attributed to capsule of Mycobact.
tuberculosis, which contains — Lipopolysacharides.
§
Fat necrosis
is due to the action of—Lipases.
§
Fat
necrosis induced by trauma, particulaily in — Breast Adipose
tissue.
§
Fat
necrosis is most commonly seen in —Acute pancreatitis.
§
In
Gangrenous necrosis — Coagulative necrosis is modified by the
liquefactive action of Bacteria and leukocytes.
§
In
dry gangrene—Coagulative necrosis is dominant.
§
In
wet gangrene necrosis is dominant. - -
§
Fatty change in liver, the mostly accumulated lipid is —Thglycerides.
§
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is often fatal.
Fatty
change is due to:
-
§
• In
alcohol poisoning — Increased esterification of fatty acids to
Triglycerides.
§
• In
carbon tetrachioride, phosphorous poisoning and protein
malnutrition —
Decreased Apoprotein synthesis.
·
• In
experimental node! of Patty liver induced by orotic acid —
Impaired secretion of lipoprolein.
·
•
Starvation, corticosteroids — Excessive entry of free fatty
acids into the liver.
·
Father of Modern Pathology—Virchow.
·
Fatty change per se is Reversible.
·
Fatty change is most often seen in —Liver and heart.
·
Bilirubin do not contain Iron,
·
In
advanced obstructive jaundice, aggregates of pigment creates —
Bile lakes.
·
The
organs in which Bilirubin accumulation is evident in Liver and
Kidneys.
·
Heiiiochrormatois of pancreas results in Diabetes mellitus,
·
Colchcine
block the
mitosis in the Metaphase.
·
In
Chediak—Higashi syndrome, there is - Impaired pathocytosis.
·
The
cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, thin actin filaments,
thick Myosin filaments, Intermediate filaments.
·
Intermediate filaments are keratin filaments, neurofilaments,
glial elements vimentine, Desmin etc.
·
In
the erythrocyte, the major protein consist of spectrin, actin,
protein 4.1 and ankyrin.
·
In
hereditary spherocytosis, the defect in Red cell shape is due to
— abnormal or deficient spectrin. -
·
In
hypertrophy of cell. there is increase in the number of
mitochondria. In atrophy there is decrease in the number of
mitochondria
·
Compensatory hyperplasia — Hyperplasia that occurs when a
portion of liver is removed.
·
Pathological calcification implies the abnormal deposition
of—calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of Iron,
magnesium etc.
·
Ferrugenous bodies (Exotic, beaded dumbel forms) in lung occur
in —Asbestosis.
·
Initiation of intracellular calcification occur in the
mitochondria of dead or dying cells.
·
Metastatic calcification appears to begin in Mitochondria except
in — kidney (where it develops in the basement membrane
·
Alcoholic hyalin (Mallory body) consist of aggregates of
Prekeratin Intermediate filaments.
·
Amyloid with congo Red stain appears—Red and shows Bipolar
refringence.
·
Keratin pearl in —Squamous cell carcinoma.
·
Pseudocartilage in —Pleomorphic adenoma.
·
Tadpole
cell in —Rhabdomyosarcoma.
·
Rosette formation in — Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma.
·
Arias Stellas reaction in — Ectopic pregnancy.
·
One
of the causes of Hypercalcemia — Addison’s disease.
·
Antimitochondrial antibody in — Primary biliary cirrhosis.
·
Viirucae body in —Neurilemmoma.
·
In
most types of acute inflammation, neutrophils predominate in the
first 6 to 24 hours, being replaced by monocytes in 24 to 48
hours.
·
Opsonic fragment of C3 complement - C3b.
Thromboxane A2
·
Found in Platelets
·
Causes platelet aggregation and blood vessel constriction.
Prostacyclin: Inhibitor of platelet aggregation and causes
vasodilation. Aspirin - indomethacin etc inhibit the enzyme -
cyclooxygenase. Macrophages in (Mononuclear phagocytes in)
·
•
Blood - Monocytes.
·
•
Nervous system - Microglia.
·
•
Bone - Osteoclasts.
·
•
Liver - Kupffer cells.
·
•
Connective tissue - Hiystiocytes.
·
•
Bone marrow - Macrophages.
·
•
Skin - 1 Langerhan’s cells.
·
•
Lymphoid tissue - ? Dendritic cells.
·
Asteroids
in giant cells in — Sarcoidosis.
·
Labile cells — Proliferate throughout life.
·
Permanent cells in—Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, nervous
system.
·
Commonest tumor of Appendix — Argentaffinoma
·
Juvenile polyposis supposed to be Retention cysts.
·
Nurse cells
in — Trichenella spiralis.
·
Heart failure cells (Hemosiderin laden Macrophages) in Alveolar
spaces in —Congestive heart failure. Lisch nodules (pigmented
Iris hamanomas) in —Neurofibromatosis.
·
Most
of the known carcinogens are metabolized by the— cytochrome P
dependent monooxygenases.
·
The
most common type of thickening of Glomerular basement membrane
is due to extensive subepithelial deposition of immune
complexes, as occurs in — Membranous Glomerulonephritis
·
The
classic Glomerular basement membrane antigen is component of
collagen type - IV.
Kidney
(Electron Microscopy):
·
•
Subepithelial humps in— Post streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
·
•
Subepithelial deposits in —Membranous G.N.
·
•
Loss of foot process in — Lipoid nephrosis, Focal segmental
Glomerulosclerosis
·
•
Subendothelial deposits in — Membrano proliferative G.N.
·
•
Mesangial and paramesangial dense deposits of IgA nephropathy
Kidney
(Light Microscopy):
·
•
Diffuse capillary wall thickening —Membranous G.N.
·
•
Lipid in Tubules in — Lipoid nephrosis.
·
•
Hyalinized Glomeruli in — Chronic Glomerulonephritis.
·
•
Splitting of basement membrane — Membrano proliferative G.N.
Two
Histologic
Alterations
that Characterise Malignant Hypertension:
Ø
•
Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles
Ø
•
1-lyperplastic arteriolitis
Ø
Angiomyolipoma are common in patients with —Tuberous sclerosis.
Ø
Fatty streaks appear in the aortas of all children older than
one year.
Ø
Ring
like calcifications in the media of medium sized to small
arteries of muscular type in — Monckeberg’s medial sclerosis.
Ø
Te
most usual site of involvement of polyarteritis nodosa —
Kidney (Renal vessels).
Ø
Classic polyarteritis nodosa does not affect the pulmonary
circulation.
Ø
Fibrinoid necrosis in — Malignant hypertension, Polyarteritis
nodosa etc.
Ø
In
inflammation, macrophages originate from — Macrophages.
Ø
Bacteria containing Hyaluronidase — Clostridium
Ø
Granulation tissue is formed in the process of Healing by
Secondary union.
Ø
The
Amyloidosis that occurs in Multiple myeloma — Primary
Amyloidosis.
Ø
Rodent ulcer
— Basal cell carcinoma.
Ø
Centrilobular necrosis of liver in —Congestive heart failure.
Ø
Nut
meg liver in —Congestive heart failure
Ø
Cardiac sclerosis of liver in — Congestive heart failure.
Ø
Carcinoid tumors in the ovary or lung may induce carcinoid
syndrome without antecedent Hepatic metastases.
Ø
The
fact that the cardiac changes in carcinoid heart diseases are
largely Right sided is explained by —Inactivation off both
serotonin and bradykinin in the blood dining passage through
lungs by Monoamine oxidase found in pulmonary vascular
endothelium.
Ø
Te
most common primary tumor of heart in adults — Myxomas
(Commonest site - Left Atrium).
Ø
The
most frequent primary tumor of heart in infants and children —
Rhabdomyomas.
Ø
Gandy — Gamma bodies contain - Deposits of Hemosiderin and
Calcium. -
Ø
Autosplenectomy
occur in
Sickle cell anemia.
Ø
Lacunar cells in Nodular sclerosis type of Hodg disease.
Ø
Owl eyed
nucleoli in the nucleus of Reed-Sternberg cell.
Ø
Chloromas are seen most commonly in —AML.
Ø
Myeloblasts are characterised by delicate nuclear chromatin
three to live nucleoli and fine azurphilic granules in
cytoplasm.
Ø
Lvmphoblasts have coarse, clumped chromatin and few nucleoli —
Azurophilic granules are not present in cytoplasm.
Ø
Auer
rods ire Red staining, intracytoplasmic, rod like
structures in granulocytes.
Ø
Massive splenomegaly is associated with —CML and hairy cell
leukemia.
Ø
Spontaneous rupture of spleen seen in — Infectious
mononucleosis, Malaria, Typhoid fever, Leukaemia, Acute
splenitis
Ø
In
diabetic nephropathy, the cells of the distal portions of
proximal convoluted tubules contain —Glycogen (Armanni ebstien
lesion).
Ø
The
characteristic hail mark of all syphilitic infections —
obliterative endarteritis with perivascular cuffing of
lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Ø
The
half mark of cutaneous T cell lymphoma of Mycosis fungdides type
histologically is the identification of the Sezary-Lutzner
cells.
Ø
Polyglucoside bodies — CorDora Amylacea.
Ø
Microglia can be stained by special stains like — Hortega
carbonate.
Ø
Brain
has no lymphatic system.
Ø
Subdural haemorrhage result from —rupture of bridging veins that
connect the venous system of brain to the large intradural
venous sinuses.
Ø
Hirano bodies in—Aizheimer’s disease;
Ø
Pick
bodies in —Picks disease.
Ø
The
most common congenital malformation of the brain in
humans—Anencephaly.
Ø
In
Schwannomas, no nerve fibres are present in the tumor.
Ø
Retinal phlebitis with candle wax drippings in or near Retinal
vessels in— Sarcoidosis
Ø
Dalen Fuchs nodules between Bruchs membrane and Retinal pigment
epithelium in — Sympathetic uveitis.
Ø
The
most common primary ocular malignancy in Caucasians—Intraocular
Melanomas.
Ø
Fexner Wintersterier Rossettes in —Retinoblastoma.
Ø
Thrombi when formed with a cardiac chamber or Aorta, they may
have apparent laminations called— Lines of Zahn.
Ø
Lines of Zahn
are produced by— Alternating layers of pate platelets admixed
with fibrin separated by dark layers containing red cells.
Ø
Vericcous endocarditis—Non-bacterial bland Thrombotic
vegetations seen in systemic lupus erythematosis.
Ø
Chicken fat thrombus — Post mortem thrombus.
Ø
Commonest site of Pblebothrombosis — deep leg veins.
Ø
Infarct of Zahn — due to occlusion of intrahepatic branch of
portal vein.
Ø
The
two most distinctive features of chronic active hepatitis —
piecemeal necrosis and Bridging necrosis.
Ovarian
Tumors:
Ø
•
Call-Exner bodies in— Granojosa cell tumours.
Ø
•
Reinke crystefloids in :— Hilus cell tumor.
Ø
•
Alpha fetoprotein in — Endodermal sinus tumor.
Ø
•
Chronic gonadotrophin in — Dysgerminomas.
Ø
•
Meigs syndrome in — Ovarian fibromas.
Ø
The
causes of Rapidly progressive Glomerulonephritis are SLE (lupus
nephritis), PAN, Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis etc.
Ø
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. pathologically
characterised by extensive proliferation of cells in the
Bowman’s space with the formation of crescents.
Ø
Von Hansemann
cells in— Melakoplakia of Bladder.
Ø
Macrophages containing PAS positive glycoprotein granules
typically seen in — Whipples disease
Ø
In
membranous glomerulonephritis, the kidneys are — large, swollen
and pale.
Ø
Ascending infection is the most common pathway by which bacteria
reach the kidney.
Ø
Bazins disease is Erythema induration.
Ø
Real
papillary necrosis or necrotising papillitis is due to -
Diabetes mellitus, analgesics like phenacetin. urinary tract
obstruction.
Ø
The
law that regeneration is more complete in younger individuals
than in older ones is Spllanzani law.
Ø
Encelitis is inflammation of intra abdominal organ.
Ø
Hemophilia C due to defect in synthesis of PTA or factor Xl. It
is Mendelian dominant.
Ø
In
hemophilia, bleeding is from large vessels whereas in
thrombocytopenia, it is from small capillaries. Deficiency of
factors 1 and II are rarely congenital. Parahemophilia is due to
deficiency of factor V.
Ø
Indian file pattern of cords in Ca breast is seen in
infiltrating lobular type.
Ø
Pagets cells arc seen in Pagets disease ofnipple.
Ø
ANCA
(Anti
neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody) is seen in Polyarteritis
nodosa.
Ø
Alveolar haemonhage syndrome may be present in Goodpasture’s
syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, idiopathic pulmonary
hemosiderosis and toxin-induced disease from penicillamine.
Ø
Anitschkow myocytes (caterpiller cells) are believed to be
modified fibroblasts.
Ø
Aschoff node is seen in rheumatic fever in myocardium.
Ø
In
Bowenoid papulosis, there are numerous small velvetly papules on
shaft of penis of young men probably caused by HPV.
Ø
Burnt out plaques are seen in multiple sclerosis.
Ø
Lines of Zahn is a characteristic appearance of laminations in
thrombi when formed in aorta.
Ø
Adhesion molecules on leucocytes are P-150, MO-I, LEA-I.
Ø
Polypoid cells seen in hypertrophy of cardiac muscle cells are
arrested 02 phase
Ø
Helper T-cells interact with Class-il MHC
Ø
In
SLE, autoantibodies against red cells, white cells and platelets
is mediated by hypersensitivity reaction type I1
Ø
Rubber hose
inflexibility of GIT in systemic sclerosis is commonest in lower
two thirds o esophagus. The lesion most specific for SLE is
subendothelial deposit.
Ø
Onion skin lesion concentric periarterial fibrosis in spleen is
characteristic of SLE.
Ø
Pink
to gray pinpoint elevations of endocardium giving Dew drop
appearance is seen in amyloidosis TB does not produce granulomas
in patients of HIV
Ø
Protoncogene with GTPase activity is H -ras.
Ø
Zeebra bodies
are seen in Niemann Pick disease.
Ø
Hard
glassy’ splenomegaly may be seen in amyloidosis.
Ø
The
dark lines of Zahn are composed of RBC’s.
Ø
Amyloid gives apple green birefringence when stained with
congored.I
Ø
In
psoriasis, the turnover of epithelial cells is at least twice as
fast that of normal skin.
Ø
In
situ hybridisation uses biotin to give a colorimetric detection
system.
Ø
Lads
cells are found in Juxta glomerular apparatus.
Ø
The
only human DNA which lies outside to nucleus is in mitochondria.
Ø
Lacunar cells are found in nodular sclerosing lymphoma.
Ø
Repetitive necrosis of adjacent regions of several infarcts of
varying ages yields progressive extension of an individual
infract over a period of days to weeks, called Stuttering
infarct.
Ø
Popcorn cells or cells like elephant feet are found in
lymphocytic predominant Hodgkin’s disease.
Ø
Lambl’s
excrescences are to aging
Ø
Lewy
bodies are found in Parkinsonism
Ø
Leopard. Lizard or Elephant skin is seen in Oncocerciasis.
Ø
Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies are found in Filariasis
Ø
Mazzoni reaction is seen in oncocerciasis.
Ø
Molluscum body is found in stratum conieum and stratum
granulosum.
Ø
Residual bodies in a cell are lysosomes.
Ø
Ring
abscess is found in infective endocarditis.
Ø
Bite
cells are seen in 0-6-P deficiency.
Ø
Pigbel is caused by Cl. perfringens.
Ø
In
addition to Hodgkin’s disease and infectious mononucleosis, Reed
Sternberg cells may be seen in mycosis fungoides. -
Ø
Accumulation of RNA in cytoplasm makes it pyroninophilic.
Ø
Stiff lung is seen in ARDS.
Ø
Collar button
lesions are characteristic of bronchia carcinoid,
Ø
he
oncogerie amplification seen in small cell carcinoma is Myc.
Ø
Part
of colon with highest wail tension is caecum.
Ø
A
bizarre map like pattern, leopard spotting of oesophagus is due
to postmortem digestion.
Ø
Commonest she of origin of lower 01 bleeding due to
angiodysplasia is caecum.
Ø
Most
sensitive indicator of Castro esophageal reflux is
pathohistology of esophagitis is intraepithelial eosinophils.
Ø
APUD
cells are derived from endoderm.
¨
Most
abundant substance secreted in bile is bile salts.
¨
Life
long immunity in HBV is due to Anti HBS.
¨
LDL clearance
independent of LDL receptors occur in mononuclear phagocytic
system.
¨
Electron microscopic appearance of prominent lysosomes with
whorld appearance is seen in Tay Sach’s disease.
¨
Technique most used for linkage analysis is variable number of
tandem repeats.
¨
Most
common cause of false negativity of RELP is Closer linkage.
¨
Uniparental disomy of paternal chromosome 15 causes Angleman
syndrome.
¨
Retinoic acid causes teratogenesis by induction of fox gene.
¨
Amniotic bands are classical example of deformation.
¨
Retinoblastoma gene (RB) inactivation is seen in small cell
carcinoma of lung, osteosarcoma and carcinoma of bladder
¨
Typhus nodule in brain due to focal microglial proliferation
with leukocytic infiltration seen in Typhus fever is limited to
grey matter.
¨
The
organism with shepperd crook appearance is leptospira
interrogans.
¨
Von Hansemann’s
cells are large histiocytes seen in Malakoplakia.
¨
Caplan’s nodoles are seen in rheumatoid pneumoconiosis.
¨
Carre’s osteomyelitis is non suppurative osteomyelitis resulting
in increased density of shaft of a long bone. There is new bone
formation but no pus cells.
¨
Glomus organ is a convoluted AV anastomosis with modified muscle
cells.
¨
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies are targetoid bodies due to defective
lysosomal function seen in Malalcoplakia.
¨
Brunu’s nest are rounded collections of urothelial cells found
just below the urothelial surface frequently seen in normal
bladder..
¨
Carcinoid tumor may also be seen in ovary and stomach in
addition to appendix and intestine (SI/LI)
¨
Catheter tumor
is proliferated granulation tissue in urinary bladder due to
catheter.
¨
In
central core disease, there is non-progressive congenital
myopathy.
¨
Clear cell sarcoma usually involves foot and knee.
¨
Cytoid bodies axe fluffy white patches in retina seen in
accelerated HT, SLE and dlermatomyocytis.
¨
Cytoid body is a nodular swelling in injured axon.
¨
The
commonest site from where a nerve biopsy in taken is sun] nerve.
¨
In
‘dying back’ neuropathy, there is axonal degeneration.
¨
Hibernoma is a type of lipoma.
¨
Kiel
classiflcation is used to classify lymphoma.
¨
Indirect serologic predictors of HIV infection are beta-2
microglobulin, Neoptrrin,Interleulcin 2- receptor, Net gene
markers
¨
Endheim’s medial degeneration is also called cystic medial
necrosis
¨
Kumura’s disease is epitheloid hemangioma
¨
Wertlake and Del Guercio were first observers to comment on the
diagnostic value of bile cytology
¨
Postmortem clot shows ‘chicken fat’ and ‘currantjelly’
appearances
¨
Mural or parietal thrombus is nonocclusive thrombus adherent to
the wall
¨
Saddle or riding thrombus is that which extends into the
branches or tributaries of a vessel.
¨
Hyaline thrombus is when thrombus is a homogenous mass.
¨
CNS
fungal infections are aspergillosis,
candidiasis,cledosporin,cryptococcus and zigomycosis.
¨
In
urine cytology. superficial cells are called umbrella cells
¨
Decoy cells’ or ‘comet cells’ with tail like cytoplasmic
processes and homogenous degenerated nuclei simulating carcinoma
cells
¨
Durck’s granuloma
is due to aggregates of reactive astrocytosis and microghat cell
proliferation seen in cerebral malaria
¨
HIV
wasting syndrome is also called ‘slim diseas ‘
¨
HIV
virus contains 3 group of structural proteins-gag (Group
specific antigen), p coding and env (codes for envelop proteins)
¨
Gag
codes for p and p 1 8, poi codes for reverse transcriptase and
Env codes for synthesis of gp l2O and fgp41
¨
Non-structural genes in HIV virus are tat, art and 3’ orf
¨
HIV
virus contains LTR (long terminal repeat) segments
¨
In
Huntington’s disease, basal ganglia most commonly atrophied is
caudate nucleus
¨
Loss
of acetyl neurons in nucleus of Meynert is a feature of
Alzheimer disease
¨
Verocay bodies
are pathognomonic of schwanomma
¨
Hooping on silver staining is characteristic feature of primary
brain lymphoma
¨
Bery
aneurysm ruptures once diameter is more than 10mm
¨
Rosenthal fibres are pathognomonic of pilocytic astrocytoma
¨
Round cells with perinuclear halos are pathognomonic of
oligodendroglioma
¨
Candle quattering
appearance of ventricular system is pathognomonic of tuberous
sclerosis
¨
Free
radicals in reperfusion injury are produced by infiltrating PMN
¨
P53
dependent apoptosis is seen in irradiation
¨
Thrush breast appearance of myocardium is seen in profound
anemia
¨
Cell
shrinkage in a apoptosis is due to activation of glutathione
peroxidase
¨
The
cells with longest telomeres are sperms
¨
Feyrter cells are also called Kulchitsky cells or argentaffin
cells. They belong to APUD coils or dense core granule (DCG)
cells
¨
Frauzen needle
is used for prostatic aspiration
¨
Bernard Soulier syndrome is an autosomal recessive taint
characterized by a variable thrombocytopenia, IBT, defective
¨
Prothrombin consumption and giant platelets. Defect is in sialic
acid rich protein GP I b of platelet membrane. It causes
defective adhesion
¨
Gray
platelet syndrome is due to abnormalities in platelet secretion
¨
Folded cell index and crowded cell index are also used for
hormonal evaluation of vaginal cytology
¨
Joplin I reaction
(Gel and coombs type IV) is seen in borderline leprosy and
Joplin’s type II (gel and coombs type 3) is seen in lepromatous
and borderline leprosy
¨
Myelin enveloping the axon is interrupted at regular intervals
by funnel shaped clefts called Schmidt Lauterman clefts
¨
Renau bodies are hyaline bodies occur in endoneural compartment
¨
Mikulicz cells
are seen in rhinoscleroma and they am grnular or foamy
macrophages
¨
Farmer’s lung is also called Silofiller’s lung
¨
Concentric onion skin lesions is pathohistological feature of
tertiary syphilis is seen in arteri des
¨
Schiller-Duval bodies are found in endodermal sinus tumor
¨
Sherman’s paradox is typically seen in fragile X-syndrome
¨
Tamm Horsfall
protein is a glycoprotein
¨
In
hereditary spherocytosis, there is chief abnormality in spectrin
¨
Fibroblast proliferation is associated with LOF, FOE and PDCIF
¨
Struvite stones are composed of magnesium ammonium P04
¨
Tamm
horsfall protein may be seen in acute tubular necrosis and
multiple myeloma
¨
Triton tumors are malignant schwannoma
¨
Lafora bodies are seen in neurons, hepatocytes and myocytes
¨
Ferruginous bodies mainly contain asbestos
¨
Type2 muscle Fibre differs rum type I by widc Z band
¨
Heymann’s membraneous GN is due to fixed intrinsic tissue
antigen
¨
Oncocytes are also known as Hurthiel cells
¨
Parking lot inclusions are found in mitochandrial myopathy
¨
Flame cells or Mon cells are found in trypanosomiasis
¨
Ring
chromosome is a type of deletion
¨
Popcorn cells are found in Hodgkin’s disease
¨
Pores of Kohn are found in alveolar wall
¨
Ring
fibre is present in myotonic dystrophy
¨
Weibel-Palade bodies are characteristically contain P- selectin
and von Willebrand disease
¨
Hydatid cyst is most often seen in liver, followed by lung
omentum. mesentry and kidney. Calcification is common spleen
liver and lungs.
¨
Oseous types are most often in upper end of femur, tibia or
humerus, vertebrae and ribs.
¨
The
Bends” (periarticular bubbles); t (bubbles in lungs) and
“Staggers’ (involvement of inner ear) are seen in Caisson
disease.
¨
Steroid myopathy is muscle fibre atrophy, affecting type 2
fibers.
¨
Sezary-Lutzner cells and Pautrier’s micro abscesses are found in
Mycosis fungoides.
¨
Von
Mayenburg Complexes are anomalies of biliary tree (small
clusters of dilated bite ducts embedded in a fibrous, sorn times
hyalinized stroma).
¨
Zebra bodies
are seen in mucopolysaccharidoses.
¨
Decay cells or Comet cells with tail like cytoplasmic processes
and homogenous degenerated nuclei simulate carcinoma cells
¨
Duret haemorrhages are midline haemorrhages in midbrain and pons
seen in brain herniation.
¨
Ferruginous bodies are found in asbestosis.
¨
Heat-shock proteins or stress proteins alt present
constitutively in normal cells, where they play an important
role in normal cell metobolism. Two familes are HSP 70 and hsp
60 (also called Chaperones or chaperonins).
¨
Soap
bubble lesion in brain is seen in cryptococcosis
¨
Brewer’s lung is seen in aspetgillosis
¨
Birbeck granules are found in histiocytosis X
¨
Heinz bodies are seen in C3-6-P-D deficiency.
¨
Flame cells or Mott cells are plasma cells in African
trypanosomiasis.
¨
Major Basic protein (MBP) is a cationic protein of eosinophils,
which has limited bactericidal activity but is cytotoxic to many
parasites.
¨
Asteroid bodies are found in Sarcoidosis.
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